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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Microstructure and Properties of Hardened Concrete | |
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Introduction | |
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Preview | |
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Concrete as a Structural Material | |
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Components of Modern Concrete | |
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Types of Concrete | |
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Properties of Hardened Concrete and Their Significance | |
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Units of Measurement | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Microstructure of Concrete | |
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Preview | |
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Definition | |
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Significance | |
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Complexities | |
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Microstructure of the Aggregate Phase | |
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Microstructure of the Hydrated Cement Paste | |
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Solids in the hydrated cement paste | |
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Voids in the hydrated cement paste | |
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Water in the hydrated cement paste | |
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Microstructure-property relationships in the hydrated cement paste | |
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Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete | |
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Significance of the interfacial transition zone | |
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Microstructure | |
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Strength | |
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Influence of the interfacial transition zone on properties of concrete | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Strength | |
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Preview | |
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Definition | |
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Significance | |
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Strength-Porosity Relationship | |
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Failure Modes in Concrete | |
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Compressive Strength and Factors Affecting It | |
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Characteristics and proportions of materials | |
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Curing conditions | |
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Testing parameters | |
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Behavior of Concrete Under Various Stress States | |
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Behavior of concrete under uniaxial compression | |
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Behavior of concrete under uniaxial tension | |
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Relationship between the compressive and the tensile strength | |
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Tensile strength of mass concrete | |
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Behavior of concrete under shearing stress | |
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Behavior of concrete under biaxial and multiaxial stresses | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Dimensional Stability | |
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Preview | |
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Types of Deformations and their Significance | |
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Elastic Behavior | |
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Nonlinearity of the stress-strain relationship | |
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Types of elastic moduli | |
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Determination of the static elastic modulus | |
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Poisson's ratio | |
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Factors affecting modulus of elasticity | |
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Drying Shrinkage and Creep | |
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Causes | |
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Effect of loading and humidity conditions on drying shrinkage and viscoelastic behavior | |
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Reversibility | |
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Factors affecting drying shrinkage and creep | |
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Thermal Shrinkage | |
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Factors affecting thermal stresses | |
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Thermal Properties of Concrete | |
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Extensibility and Cracking | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Durability | |
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Preview | |
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Definition | |
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Significance | |
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General Observations | |
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Water as an Agent of Deterioration | |
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The structure of water | |
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Permeability | |
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Permeability of hardened cement paste | |
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Permeability of aggregate | |
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Permeability of concrete | |
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Classification of the Causes of concrete Deterioration | |
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Surface Wear | |
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Crystallization of Salts in Pores | |
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Frost Action | |
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Frost action on hardened cement paste | |
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Frost action on aggregate | |
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Factors controlling the frost resistance of concrete | |
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Freezing and salt scaling | |
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Effect of Fire | |
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Effect of high temperature on hydrated cement paste | |
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Effect of high temperature on aggregate | |
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Effect of high temperature on concrete | |
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Behavior of high-strength concrete exposed to fire | |
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Deterioration of Concrete by Chemical Reactions | |
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Hydrolysis of the cement paste components | |
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Cation-exchange reactions | |
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Reactions Involving the Formation of Expansive Products | |
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Sulfate Attack | |
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Chemical reactions in sulfate attack | |
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Delayed ettringite formation | |
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Selected cases histories | |
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Control of sulfate attack | |
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Alkali-Aggregate Reaction | |
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Cements and the aggregate types contributing to the reaction | |
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Mechanisms of expansion | |
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Selected case histories | |
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Control of expansion | |
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Hydration of Crystalline MgO and CaO | |
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Corrosion of Embedded Steel in Concrete | |
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Mechanisms involved in concrete deterioration by corrosion of embedded steel | |
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Selected case histories | |
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Control of corrosion | |
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Development of a Holistic Model of Concrete Deterioration | |
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Concrete in the Marine Environment | |
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Theoretical aspects | |
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Case histories of deteriorated concrete | |
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Lessons from the case histories | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Concrete Materials, Mix Proportioning, and Early-Age Properties | |
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Hydraulic Cements | |
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Preview | |
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Hydraulic and Nonhydraulic Cements | |
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Chemistry of gypsum and lime cements | |
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Portland Cement | |
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Manufacturing process | |
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Chemical composition | |
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Determination of the compound composition from chemical analysis | |
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Crystal structure and reactivity of the compounds | |
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Fineness | |
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Hydration of Portland Cement | |
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Significance | |
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Mechanism of hydration | |
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Hydration of the aluminates | |
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Hydration of the silicates | |
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Heat of Hydration | |
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Physical Aspects of the Setting and Hardening Process | |
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Effect of Cement Characteristics on Strength and Heat of Hydration | |
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Types of Portland Cement | |
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Special Hydraulic Cements | |
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Classification and nomenclature | |
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Blended portland cements | |
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Expansive cements | |
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Rapid setting and hardening cements | |
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Oil-well cements | |
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White and colored cements | |
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Calcium aluminate cement | |
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Trends in Cement Specifications | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Aggregates | |
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Preview | |
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Significance | |
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Classification and Nomenclature | |
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Natural Mineral Aggregates | |
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Description of rocks | |
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Description of minerals | |
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Lightweight Aggregate | |
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Heavyweight Aggregate | |
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Blast-Furnace Slag Aggregate | |
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Aggregate from Fly Ash | |
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Aggregates from Recycled Concrete and Municipal Waste | |
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Aggregate Production | |
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Aggregate Characteristics and Their Significance | |
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Density and apparent specific gravity | |
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Absorption and surface moisture | |
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Crushing strength, abrasion resistance, and elastic modulus | |
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Soundness | |
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Size and grading | |
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Shape and surface texture | |
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Deleterious substances | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Admixtures | |
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Preview | |
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Significance | |
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Nomenclature, Specifications, and Classifications | |
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Surface-Active Chemicals | |
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Nomenclature and chemical composition | |
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Mechanism of action | |
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Applications | |
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Superplasticizers | |
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Set-Controlling Chemicals | |
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Nomenclature and composition | |
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Mechanism of action | |
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Applications | |
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Mineral Admixtures | |
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Significance | |
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Classification | |
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Natural pozzolanic materials | |
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By-product materials | |
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Applications | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Proportioning Concrete Mixtures | |
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Preview | |
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Significance and Objectives | |
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General Considerations | |
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Cost | |
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Workability | |
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Strength and durability | |
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Ideal aggregate grading | |
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Specific Principles | |
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Workability | |
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Strength | |
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Durability | |
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Procedures | |
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Sample Computations | |
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ACI Tables in the Metric System | |
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Proportioning of High-Strength and High-Performance Concrete Mixtures | |
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Methods of Determining Average Compressive Strength from the Specified Strength | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Concrete at Early Age | |
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Preview | |
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Definitions and Significance | |
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Batching, Mixing, and Transport | |
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Placing, Compacting, and Finishing | |
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Concrete Curing and Formwork Removal | |
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Workability | |
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Definition and significance | |
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Measurement | |
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Factors affecting the workability and their control | |
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Slump Loss | |
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Definitions | |
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Significance | |
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Causes and control | |
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Segregation and Bleeding | |
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Definitions and significance | |
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Measurement | |
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Causes and control | |
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Early Volume Changes | |
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Definitions and significance | |
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Causes and control | |
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Setting Time | |
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Definitions and significance | |
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Measurement and control | |
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Temperature of Concrete | |
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Significance | |
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Cold-weather concreting | |
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Hot-weather concreting | |
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Testing and Control of Concrete Quality | |
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Methods and their significance | |
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Accelerated strength testing | |
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Core tests | |
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Quality control charts | |
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Early Age Cracking in Concrete | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Nondestructive Methods | |
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Preview | |
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Surface Hardness Methods | |
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Penetration Resistance Techniques | |
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Pullout Tests | |
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Maturity Method | |
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Assessment of Concrete Quality from Absorption and Permeability Tests | |
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Stress Wave Propagation Methods | |
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Theoretical concepts of stress wave propagation in solids | |
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Ultrasonic pulse velocity methods | |
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Impact methods | |
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Acoustic emission | |
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Electrical Methods | |
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Resistivity | |
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Electrochemical Methods | |
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Introduction of electrochemistry of reinforced concrete | |
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Corrosion potential | |
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Polarization resistance | |
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | |
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Electromagnetic Methods | |
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Covermeter | |
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Ground penetrating radar | |
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Infrared thermography | |
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Tomography of Reinforced Concrete | |
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X-ray computed tomography | |
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Collapsing a three-dimensional world into a flat two-dimensional image | |
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Backscattering microwave tomography | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Readings | |
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Recent Advances and Concrete in the Future | |
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Progress in Concrete Technology | |
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Preview | |
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Structural Lightweight Concrete | |
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Definition and specifications | |
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Mix-proportioning criteria | |
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Properties | |
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Applications | |
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High-Strength Concrete | |
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A brief history of development | |
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Definition | |
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Significance | |
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Materials | |
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Mixture proportioning | |
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Microstructure | |
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Properties of fresh and hardened concrete | |
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High-strength, lightweight aggregate concrete | |
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Self-Consolidating Concrete | |
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Definition and significance | |
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Brief history of development | |
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Materials and mixture proportions | |
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Properties of SCC | |
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Applications | |
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High-Performance Concrete | |
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A brief history of development | |
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ACI definition and commentary on high-performance concrete | |
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Field experience | |
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Applications | |
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High-performance, high-volume fly ash concrete | |
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Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete | |
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Definition and the concept | |
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Significance | |
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Materials and mix proportions | |
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Properties | |
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Applications | |
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Fiber-Reinforced Concrete | |
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Definition and significance | |
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Toughening mechanism | |
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Materials and mix proportioning | |
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Properties | |
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Development of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced composites | |
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Applications | |
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Concrete Containing Polymers | |
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Nomenclature and significance | |
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Polymer concrete | |
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Latex-modified concrete | |
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Polymer-impregnated concrete | |
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Heavyweight Concrete for Radiation Shielding | |
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Significance | |
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Concrete as a shielding material | |
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Materials and mix proportions | |
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Important properties | |
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Mass Concrete | |
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Definition and significance | |
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General considerations | |
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Materials and mix proportions | |
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Application of the principles | |
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Roller-Compacted Concrete | |
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Materials and mix proportions | |
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Laboratory testing | |
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Properties | |
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Construction practice | |
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Applications | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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Advances in Concrete Mechanics | |
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Preview | |
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Elastic Behavior | |
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Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) bounds | |
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Viscoelasticity | |
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Basic rheological models | |
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Generalized rheological models | |
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Time-variable rheological models | |
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Superposition principle and integral representation | |
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Mathematical expressions for creep | |
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Methods for predicting creep and shrinkage | |
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Shrinkage | |
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Temperature Distribution in Mass Concrete | |
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Heat transfer analysis | |
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Initial condition | |
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Boundary conditions | |
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Finite element formulation | |
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Examples of application | |
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Case study: construction of the cathedral of our lady of the angels in California, USA | |
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Fracture Mechanics | |
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Linear elastic fracture mechanics | |
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Concrete fracture mechanics | |
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Fracture process zone | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Suggestions for Further Study | |
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The Future Challenges in Concrete Technology | |
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Preview | |
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Forces Shaping Our World-an Overview | |
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Future Demand for Concrete | |
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Advantages of Concrete over Steel Structures | |
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Engineering considerations | |
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Environmental Considerations | |
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Concrete Durability and Sustainability | |
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Is There a Light at the End of the Tunnel? | |
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Technology for Sustainable Development | |
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References | |
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Index | |