| |
| |
| |
| Physiological Chemistry and Bonding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water as biochemical solvent | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen bonding | |
| |
| |
| |
| pH and buffers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other non-covalent interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fat-water interfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protein Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amino acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary structure—protein sequence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Secondary structures—�-helix and �-sheet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tertiary structure—domains | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quaternary structure—subunits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Folding and chaperones | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enzyme Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of enzymes—classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inhibition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Allosteric regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease | |
| |
| |
| |
| DNA Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Purine and pyrimidine bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| The DNA molecule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Packaging into chromatin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recombination and repair | |
| |
| |
| |
| RNA Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transcription | |
| |
| |
| |
| Splicing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ribonucleoprotein complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| DNA and Chromosome Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybridization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nucleic acid electrophoresis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Northern and Southern blotting | |
| |
| |
| |
| RFLP analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymerase chain reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Allele-specific oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence in situ hybridization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control of Gene Expression | |
| |
| |
| |
| The lac operon | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Trp operon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transcription factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methylation and acetylation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Post-translational modification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Secretion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intracellular targeting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lysosomal degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proteosomal degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Membranes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The lipid bilayer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Junctions and intercellular communication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microtubules and microfilaments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrins and focal adhesions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extracellular matrix proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Metabolic Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digestion of nutrients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Catabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| anabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lipids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glycolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anaerobic glycolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aerobic glycolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hexose Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gluconeogenesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hexose metabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pyruvate Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steps of the TCA Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of the TCA cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transfer of electrons to Complex I | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delivery of electrons through Complex II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lipid Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatty acid biosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatty acid degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation of triglycerides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glycolipid biosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Eicosanoid biosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cholesterol Biosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lipoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amino Acid Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nitrogen metabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Essential amino acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Catabolism of amino acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biosynthesis of amino acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biosynthesis of porphyrins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nucleic Acid Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biosynthesis of purines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biosynthesis of pyrimidines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Salvage pathways of bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Degradation of purines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Degradation of pyrimidines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nutritional Biochemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Nutritional Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vitamins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water-soluble | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fat-soluble | |
| |
| |
| |
| Essential inorganic nutrients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Essential amino acids E. | |