| Preface | p. xi |
| Author Profiles | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
| The Evolution of Nursing | |
| Care of the Sick: How Nursing Began | p. 3 |
| Care of the Sick in Early Civilizations | p. 4 |
| Christianity's Impact on Nursing | p. 6 |
| Nursing Care in Early Hospitals | p. 8 |
| The Influence of Florence Nightingale | p. 11 |
| Key Points | p. 20 |
| Study Questions | p. 21 |
| Nursing in the United States: American Revolution to Nursing Revolution | p. 23 |
| The Volunteers | p. 24 |
| Nursing Education: The First 60 Years | p. 26 |
| Nursing's Early Leaders | p. 34 |
| The Nurse in Practice | p. 42 |
| Wartime Nursing | p. 47 |
| Toward a New Era: Studies and Action | p. 51 |
| Key Points | p. 59 |
| Study Questions | p. 72 |
| Nursing in the Health Care Scene | |
| The Health Care Delivery System | p. 79 |
| What Influences Health Care? | p. 80 |
| The American People: A Time of Change | p. 80 |
| Cost, Quality, Access | p. 114 |
| Managed Care | p. 118 |
| Health Care Delivery: An Expanding Maze | p. 120 |
| Self-Care | p. 121 |
| Alternative/Complementary Medicine | p. 122 |
| Ambulatory Care | p. 124 |
| Ambulatory Care Alternatives to Institutions | p. 130 |
| Hospitals | p. 132 |
| Government Facilities | p. 138 |
| Emergency Medical Services | p. 140 |
| Home Health Care | p. 140 |
| Long-Term Care | p. 144 |
| The Caregivers: A Growing Number | p. 146 |
| Key Points | p. 161 |
| Study Questions | p. 162 |
| The Discipline of Nursing | p. 166 |
| The New-Old Question: What Is Nursing? | p. 166 |
| Professions and Professionalism | p. 167 |
| What Do Nurses Do??? | p. 171 |
| The Nursing Process and Classification Systems | p. 175 |
| Major Nursing Theories | p. 179 |
| Attitudes of Nurses and about Nurses | p. 188 |
| The Media Image of Nursing | p. 190 |
| The Reality: Facts, Figures, Guesses | p. 193 |
| Key Points | p. 199 |
| Study Questions | p. 200 |
| Nursing Practice | |
| Education and Research for Practice | p. 207 |
| Program Commonalities | p. 208 |
| The Nursing Assistant | p. 210 |
| Programs for Practical Nurses | p. 212 |
| Diploma Programs | p. 214 |
| Associate Degree Programs | p. 217 |
| Baccalaureate Nursing Programs | p. 220 |
| Other Programs Leading to RN Licensure | p. 223 |
| Graduate Education | p. 223 |
| Open Curriculum Practices | p. 226 |
| Distance Education | p. 228 |
| Continuing Education | p. 230 |
| Trends and Issues in Education | p. 231 |
| Nursing Research | p. 237 |
| Responding to an Inevitable Future | p. 240 |
| Key Points | p. 241 |
| Study Questions | p. 242 |
| Career Opportunities | p. 245 |
| A Time of Unlimited Opportunities | p. 245 |
| Nursing: Shortages and Surplus | p. 247 |
| What Employers Expect from a New Graduate | p. 253 |
| Hospital Patient Care Positions | p. 254 |
| Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice | p. 259 |
| Assignments for Delivering Care | p. 265 |
| Assistants to the Nurse | p. 267 |
| Differentiated Practice/The Clinical Ladder | p. 268 |
| Supplemental Staffing Agencies | p. 270 |
| Nursing in Long-Term Care Facilities | p. 271 |
| Subacute Care | p. 273 |
| Community Health Nursing | p. 273 |
| Office Nursing | p. 276 |
| Case Management | p. 278 |
| Occupational Health Nursing | p. 279 |
| Private Duty Nursing | p. 281 |
| Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs | p. 283 |
| Opportunities in Government | p. 285 |
| Other Career Opportunities | p. 289 |
| Key Points | p. 290 |
| Study Questions | p. 291 |
| Leadership for an Era of Change | p. 293 |
| Nursing Autonomy | p. 294 |
| A Leader among Leaders | p. 296 |
| Perspectives on Power | p. 302 |
| The Constancy of Change | p. 304 |
| Obstacles to the Exercise of Power | p. 306 |
| Strategies for Action | p. 311 |
| Key Points | p. 318 |
| Study Questions | p. 319 |
| Nursing Ethics and Law | |
| Ethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care | p. 325 |
| What Creates Ethical Dilemmas? | p. 326 |
| Factors That Influence Ethical Decision Making | p. 331 |
| Guidelines for Ethical Decision Making | p. 338 |
| Dealing with Ethical Concerns | p. 341 |
| Access to Care: Ethics and Reality | p. 348 |
| Nurses as Advocates | p. 351 |
| Key Points | p. 352 |
| Study Questions | p. 353 |
| Patients' Rights; Students' Rights | p. 355 |
| Patients' Rights | p. 356 |
| Informed Consent | p. 360 |
| The Right to Die | p. 366 |
| Rights of the Helpless | p. 378 |
| Rights of Patients in Research | p. 383 |
| Patient Records: Confidentiality and Availability | p. 385 |
| Other Aspects of Patients' Rights | p. 387 |
| Legal Issues Related to Reproduction | p. 391 |
| Transplants | p. 395 |
| Rights and Responsibilities of Students | p. 397 |
| Key Points | p. 400 |
| Study Questions | p. 401 |
| Politics and Public Policy | p. 405 |
| Introduction to Law | p. 406 |
| The United States Legal System | p. 407 |
| The Legislative Process | p. 408 |
| Influencing the Legislative Process | p. 413 |
| Nurses and Political Action | p. 415 |
| Overview of Federal Agencies | p. 419 |
| Major Legislation Affecting Nursing | p. 421 |
| A National Health Plan | p. 436 |
| Other Legislation | p. 439 |
| Agencies and Regulations | p. 440 |
| What Next? | p. 441 |
| Key Points | p. 441 |
| Study Questions | p. 442 |
| Health Care Credentialing and Nursing Licensure | p. 444 |
| Credentialing and Its Issues | p. 445 |
| NCSBN and ANA | p. 456 |
| Content of Nursing Practice Acts | p. 457 |
| Procedure for Obtaining a License | p. 471 |
| Issues, Developments, and Predictions | p. 474 |
| Key Points | p. 475 |
| Study Questions | p. 476 |
| Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice | p. 478 |
| Litigation Trends in Health Care | p. 479 |
| Application of Legal Principles | p. 482 |
| Major Causes of Litigation | p. 490 |
| Legal Problems in Record-Keeping | p. 499 |
| The Problem of Short-Staffing | p. 502 |
| Standard of Care | p. 505 |
| Other Torts and Crimes | p. 507 |
| Drug Control | p. 510 |
| Good Samaritan Laws | p. 510 |
| Professional Liability (Malpractice) Insurance | p. 511 |
| In Court: The Due Process of Law | p. 513 |
| Risk Management | p. 515 |
| Avoiding Legal Problems | p. 516 |
| Key Points | p. 517 |
| Study Questions | p. 518 |
| Transition Into Practice | |
| Nursing Organizations and Publications | p. 523 |
| Diversity and Differences | p. 523 |
| Cooperative Efforts | p. 524 |
| American Nurses Association | p. 526 |
| International Council of Nurses | p. 541 |
| National Student Nurses' Association | p. 545 |
| Health-Related Organizations | p. 554 |
| The Nursing Literature | p. 554 |
| Key Points | p. 556 |
| Study Questions | p. 557 |
| Job Selection | p. 558 |
| Basic Considerations | p. 559 |
| Professional Biographies and Resumes | p. 562 |
| Looking Over the Job Market | p. 566 |
| Sources of Information about Positions | p. 568 |
| Professional Correspondence | p. 571 |
| Personal Interview | p. 576 |
| Changing Positions | p. 580 |
| Key Points | p. 583 |
| Study Questions | p. 584 |
| Career Management | p. 585 |
| Resocialization | p. 585 |
| Dealing with Reality Shock | p. 587 |
| Stress and Strain: The Persisting Occupational Hazard | p. 590 |
| The Workplace: Rights and Hazards | p. 594 |
| Collective Bargaining: The Process and the Issues | p. 604 |
| Career Mapping | p. 608 |
| As You Anticipate the Future | p. 615 |
| Key Points | p. 616 |
| Study Questions | p. 617 |
| Bibliography | p. 621 |
| Appendixes | p. 641 |
| Major Studies of the Nursing Profession | p. 642 |
| Major Health Care Personnel | p. 654 |
| State Boards of Nursing (2001) | p. 663 |
| Major Nursing and Related Organizations | p. 668 |
| Specialty Certifications | p. 711 |
| Basics of Parliamentary Procedure | p. 724 |
| Distinguished Nurses of the Past: Fifty Nurses Who Made a Difference | p. 726 |
| Index | p. 745 |
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