Preface | p. vii |
Overview of the Cardiovascular System | p. 1 |
Objectives | p. 1 |
Homeostatic Role of the Cardiovascular System | p. 1 |
The Basic Physics of Blood Flow | p. 5 |
The Heart | p. 8 |
The Vasculature | p. 12 |
Blood | p. 15 |
Foundation for Subsequent Chapters | p. 16 |
Key Concepts | p. 17 |
Study Questions | p. 17 |
Suggested Readings | p. 18 |
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Cells | p. 19 |
Objectives | p. 19 |
Electrical Activity of Cardiac Muscle Cells | p. 20 |
Mechanical Activity of the Heart | p. 33 |
Interrelating Cardiac Muscle Cell Mechanics & Ventricular Function | p. 43 |
Key Concepts | p. 44 |
Study Questions | p. 44 |
Suggested Readings | p. 45 |
The Heart Pump | p. 47 |
Objectives | p. 47 |
Cardiac Cycle | p. 48 |
Determinants of Cardiac Output | p. 54 |
Influences on Stroke Volume | p. 55 |
Summary of Determinants of Cardiac Output | p. 59 |
Cardiac Energetics | p. 62 |
Measurement of Cardiac Function | p. 64 |
Key Concepts | p. 68 |
Study Questions | p. 69 |
Suggested Readings | p. 70 |
The Electrocardiogram | p. 71 |
Objectives | p. 71 |
Basic Features of the Electrocardiogram | p. 71 |
Cardiac Dipoles & Electrocardiographic Records | p. 74 |
Mean Electrical Axis & Axis Deviations | p. 78 |
The Standard 12-Lead Electrocardiogram | p. 79 |
Key Concepts | p. 81 |
Study Questions | p. 81 |
Suggested Readings | p. 82 |
Cardiac Abnormalities | p. 83 |
Objectives | p. 83 |
Electrical Abnormalities & Arrhythmias | p. 83 |
Valvular Abnormalities | p. 88 |
Key Concepts | p. 90 |
Study Questions | p. 91 |
Suggested Readings | p. 91 |
The Peripheral Vascular System | p. 93 |
Objectives | p. 93 |
Cardiovascular Transport | p. 94 |
Basic Vascular Function | p. 100 |
Measurement of Arterial Pressure | p. 109 |
Determinants of Arterial Pressure | p. 110 |
Key Concepts | p. 114 |
Study Questions | p. 115 |
Suggested Readings | p. 116 |
Vascular Control | p. 117 |
Objectives | p. 117 |
Vascular Smooth Muscle | p. 118 |
Control of Arteriolar Tone | p. 122 |
Control of Venous Tone | p. 132 |
Summary of Primary Vascular Control Mechanisms | p. 133 |
Vascular Control in Specific Organs | p. 133 |
Key Concepts | p. 143 |
Study Questions | p. 143 |
Suggested Readings | p. 144 |
Central Venous Pressure: An Indicator of Circulatory Status | p. 146 |
Objectives | p. 146 |
Influence of Central Venous Pressure on Venous Return | p. 147 |
Influence of Peripheral Venous Pressure on Venous Return | p. 149 |
Determination of Cardiac Output & Venous Return by Central Venous Pressure | p. 150 |
Clinical Implications of Abnormal Central Venous Pressure | p. 155 |
Key Concepts | p. 156 |
Study Questions | p. 156 |
Suggested Readings | p. 156 |
Regulation of Arterial Pressure | p. 157 |
Objectives | p. 157 |
Short-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure | p. 158 |
Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure | p. 173 |
Key Concepts | p. 178 |
Study Questions | p. 179 |
Suggested Readings | p. 179 |
Cardiovascular Responses to Physiological Stress | p. 181 |
Objectives | p. 181 |
Effect of Respiratory Activity | p. 183 |
Effect of Gravity | p. 185 |
Effect of Exercise | p. 190 |
Age-Dependent Cardiovascular Changes | p. 195 |
Effect of Gender | p. 197 |
Key Concepts | p. 198 |
Study Questions | p. 199 |
Suggested Readings | p. 199 |
Cardiovascular Function in Pathological Situations | p. 201 |
Objectives | p. 201 |
Circulatory Shock | p. 202 |
Cardiac Disturbances | p. 206 |
Hypertension | p. 213 |
Key Concepts | p. 216 |
Study Questions | p. 217 |
Suggested Readings | p. 217 |
Answers to Study Questions | p. 219 |
Appendix A | p. 233 |
Appendix B | p. 234 |
Appendix C | p. 235 |
Appendix D | p. 237 |
Index | p. 241 |
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