Preface to the Second Edition | p. xi |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Basic Concepts | p. 4 |
The Traditional Framework of Planning in the United States | p. 5 |
A New Approach | p. 9 |
Ecological Planning Method | p. 9 |
Identification of Planning Problems and Opportunities | p. 12 |
Establishment of Planning Goals | p. 12 |
Landscape Analysis, Regional Level | p. 13 |
Landscape Analysis, Local Level | p. 14 |
Detailed Studies | p. 16 |
Planning Area Concepts, Options, and Choices | p. 18 |
Landscape Plan | p. 20 |
Continued Citizen Involvement and Community Education | p. 20 |
Design Explorations | p. 21 |
Plan and Design Implementation | p. 21 |
Administration | p. 23 |
Working Plans | p. 23 |
Identifying Issues and Establishing Planning Goals | p. 27 |
Techniques for Involving People in the Identification of Issues and the Establishment of Goals | p. 28 |
Task Forces | p. 28 |
Citizens' Advisory Committees and Technical Advisory Committees | p. 29 |
Neighborhood Planning Councils | p. 29 |
Group Dynamics | p. 30 |
Nominal-Group Workshops | p. 31 |
Focus Groups | p. 31 |
Delphi | p. 33 |
Policy Delphi | p. 34 |
Public Opinion Polls | p. 34 |
Town Meetings and Public Hearings | p. 38 |
Goal Setting | p. 40 |
Two Examples of Goal-Oriented Planning | p. 41 |
The Oregon Comprehensive Planning Law | p. 41 |
New Jersey Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan | p. 45 |
Inventory and Analysis of the Biophysical Environment | p. 51 |
Making A Base Map and A Regional Context Map | p. 53 |
Major sources of information | p. 55 |
Inventory Elements | p. 55 |
Regional Climate | p. 56 |
Summary of regional climate inventory elements | p. 62 |
Major sources of information | p. 62 |
Earth | p. 62 |
Summary of geologic inventory elements | p. 65 |
Major sources of information | p. 67 |
Terrain | p. 67 |
Summary of physiography inventory elements | p. 71 |
Major sources of information | p. 71 |
Water | p. 71 |
Summary of hydrologic inventory elements | p. 85 |
Major sources of information | p. 85 |
Soils | p. 86 |
Summary of soils inventory elements | p. 94 |
Major sources of information | p. 95 |
Microclimate | p. 95 |
Summary of microclimate inventory elements | p. 99 |
Major sources of information | p. 99 |
Vegetation | p. 99 |
Summary of vegetation inventory elements | p. 104 |
Major sources of information | p. 104 |
Wildlife | p. 104 |
Summary of wildlife inventory elements | p. 107 |
Major sources of information | p. 107 |
Existing Land Use and Land Users | p. 107 |
Summary of existing land-use and land-user elements | p. 115 |
Major sources of information | p. 115 |
Analysis and Synthesis of Inventory Information | p. 115 |
Bivariate Relationships | p. 116 |
Layer-Cake Relationships | p. 120 |
The Holdridge Life-Zone System | p. 120 |
Two Examples of Biophysical Inventory and Analysis | p. 122 |
The New Jersey Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan | p. 123 |
The Biodiversity Plan for the Camp Pendleton Region, California | p. 130 |
Human Community Inventory and Analysis | p. 141 |
Sources of Existing Information | p. 143 |
Land-Use Maps and Settlement Pattern Diagrams | p. 143 |
Histories | p. 145 |
Census Data | p. 148 |
Newspapers and Periodicals | p. 148 |
Phone Books | p. 148 |
Community Organizations and Clubs | p. 149 |
Colleges and Universities | p. 149 |
Government and Public Agencies | p. 149 |
Synopsis of Information Sources | p. 149 |
Use of Existing Data to Generate New Information | p. 149 |
Population Trends, Characteristics, and Projections | p. 150 |
Development Projections | p. 159 |
Economic Analyses | p. 161 |
User Groups | p. 165 |
Generation of New Information | p. 167 |
Mail and Telephone Surveys | p. 167 |
Face-to-Face Interviews | p. 169 |
Participant Observation | p. 170 |
Analysis and Synthesis of Social Information | p. 171 |
Establish Visual and Landscape Patterns | p. 171 |
Urban Morphology | p. 173 |
Identification of Interactions and Relationships | p. 173 |
Community Needs Assessment | p. 175 |
Two Examples of Human Community Inventory and Analysis | p. 176 |
New Jersey Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan | p. 176 |
The Biodiversity Plan for the Camp Pendleton Region, California | p. 178 |
Suitability Analysis | p. 187 |
Approaches to Suitability Analysis--Methods | p. 188 |
Natural Resources Conservation Service Systems | p. 188 |
Land Evaluation Value | p. 191 |
Site Assessment Value | p. 192 |
Combining the LE and SA Systems | p. 194 |
Modified LESA System | p. 194 |
Use of LESA at The Federal Level | p. 198 |
The McHarg, or University of Pennsylvania, Suitability Analysis Method | p. 200 |
Dutch Suitability Analysis | p. 207 |
Computer Applications | p. 213 |
The Carrying-Capacity Concept | p. 217 |
Two Applications of Suitability Analysis | p. 219 |
The Development of Performance Requirements in Medford Township, New Jersey | p. 219 |
Locating Areas for Rural Housing in Whitman County, Washington | p. 220 |
Planning Options and Choices | p. 229 |
Optional Plans | p. 230 |
Techniques for Selecting Preferences | p. 235 |
The Charrette | p. 235 |
The Charrette Process | p. 236 |
Charrette Groundwork | p. 237 |
Introduction of Planning Area, Introduction to Participants | p. 237 |
The Teams | p. 238 |
Team Instructions | p. 240 |
Citizen Interviews | p. 240 |
Brainstorming and Synthesis | p. 240 |
Outcomes from the Charrette | p. 241 |
Task Forces, Citizens' Advisory Committees, and Technical Advisory Committees | p. 241 |
Citizen Referendum and Synchronized Surveys | p. 242 |
Goals-Achievement Matrix | p. 243 |
Scenario Writing | p. 243 |
Public Hearings | p. 244 |
Two Examples of Selecting Preferences | p. 245 |
Portland, Oregon, Alternative Land-Use Plans | p. 245 |
The Biodiversity Plan for the Camp Pendleton Region, California | p. 247 |
Landscape Plans | p. 253 |
Recognition and Adoption Of Plan | p. 255 |
Statement of Policies | p. 257 |
Strategies to Achieve Policies | p. 259 |
Landscape Plan Map | p. 260 |
Plan Elements and Organization | p. 261 |
Two Examples of Plans | p. 264 |
Comprehensive Management Plan for the New Jersey Pinelands | p. 264 |
Teller County/City of Woodland Park, Colorado, Growth Management Plan | p. 266 |
Continuing Citizen Involvement and Community Education | p. 271 |
Citizen Involvement | p. 272 |
Classification of Citizen Participation Techniques | p. 274 |
Continuing Community Education | p. 275 |
Information and Education | p. 275 |
Publications | p. 277 |
Television and Radio | p. 279 |
Two Examples of Education Programs | p. 279 |
University of Wisconsin-Extension Community Economic Development Program | p. 279 |
The Blueprint for a Sustainable Bay Area | p. 285 |
Testing Planning Concepts Through Design | p. 291 |
Site Design | p. 292 |
Individual Land-User Designs: Farm and Ranch Conservation Plans | p. 293 |
Simulation | p. 295 |
Conceptual Design from Charrettes | p. 296 |
La Lomita Charrette | p. 298 |
Common Themes from the La Lomita Charrette | p. 298 |
Building Codes | p. 299 |
Community Gardens | p. 300 |
Housing Possibilities | p. 300 |
Solar Energy | p. 300 |
Arroyo Vista Charrette | p. 301 |
Conceptual Design of New Facilities | p. 304 |
The Concept Design | p. 305 |
| p. 305 |
| p. 308 |
Summary of the Concept Design | p. 310 |
Demonstration Projects | p. 311 |
Innovative Design Projects | p. 314 |
Two Examples of Detailed Design | p. 317 |
Connecticut River Valley, Massachusetts | p. 317 |
New York-New Jersey-Connecticut Metropolitan Region | p. 321 |
Plan and Design Implementation | p. 329 |
Power to Regulate | p. 330 |
Zoning | p. 330 |
Planned Unit Developments (PUDs) | p. 334 |
Performance Standards | p. 334 |
Design Guidelines and Controls | p. 339 |
Critical or Environmentally Sensitive Areas | p. 339 |
Floodplain Management | p. 344 |
Wetland and Riparian Area Protection | p. 346 |
Federal Wetlands Protection | p. 347 |
General State Responses | p. 348 |
Habitat Conservation Plans | p. 349 |
Historic Preservation | p. 352 |
Subdivision Regulations | p. 353 |
Building Codes | p. 355 |
Covenants | p. 357 |
Power to Condemn and to Exact | p. 358 |
Impact Fees and Land Dedications | p. 358 |
Power to Spend | p. 359 |
Easements | p. 359 |
Development Rights Purchase and Transfers | p. 360 |
Capital Improvement Programming | p. 364 |
Public Land Management | p. 365 |
Power to Tax | p. 366 |
Interagency Coordination for Growth Management | p. 367 |
Program Linkage and Cross-Compliance | p. 369 |
Nongovernment Strategies | p. 369 |
Desert View Tri-Villages Implementation | p. 370 |
Desert Overlay | p. 370 |
Suburban Desert Overlay | p. 371 |
Implementation Matrix | p. 371 |
Three Examples of Planning Implementation | p. 373 |
Innovative Zoning for Agricultural Land Protection in York County, Pennsylvania, and Black Hawk County, Iowa | p. 373 |
Scottsdale, Arizona, Environmentally Sensitive Lands Ordinance | p. 377 |
Administration of Planning Programs | p. 381 |
Current Planning | p. 382 |
The Role of Planning Commissions and Review Boards | p. 382 |
The Role of Planning Staffs | p. 383 |
The Impact of Procedural Requirements | p. 385 |
The Budget | p. 385 |
Planning, Programming, and Budget System (PPBS) | p. 385 |
Program Strategies | p. 387 |
Capital Improvement Programming | p. 390 |
Environmental Impact Assessments | p. 391 |
Environmental Impact Analysis | p. 394 |
Economic Impact Analysis | p. 396 |
Fiscal Impact Analysis | p. 399 |
Social Impact Analysis | p. 402 |
Two Examples of Planning Administration | p. 404 |
Portland, Oregon, Regional Growth Management Planning | p. 404 |
The Tucson WASH Ordinance and Environmental Resource Zone | p. 407 |
Conclusion | p. 411 |
Appendices | p. 419 |
Glossary | p. 423 |
Acronyms | p. 437 |
Bibliography | p. 439 |
Index | p. 463 |
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