Preface | |
Introduction to Electronics | p. 1 |
Theory | p. 5 |
Current | p. 5 |
Voltage | p. 7 |
Resistance | p. 8 |
DC Power Sources | p. 9 |
Two Simple Battery Sources | p. 10 |
Electric Circuits | p. 10 |
Ohm's Law | p. 11 |
Circuit Reduction | p. 11 |
Kirchhoff's Laws | p. 14 |
Thevenin's Theorem | p. 17 |
Sinusoidal Power Sources | p. 20 |
Root Mean Square (rms) Voltages | p. 20 |
Capacitors | p. 21 |
Reactance of a Capacitor | p. 23 |
Inductors | p. 24 |
Reactance of an Inductor | p. 26 |
Fundamental Potentials and Circuits | p. 26 |
DC Sources and RC/RL/RLC Circuits | p. 28 |
Complex Numbers | p. 30 |
Circuits with Sinusoidal Sources | p. 33 |
Analyzing Sinusoidal Circuits with Complex Impedances | p. 34 |
Impedances in Series and the Voltage Divider | p. 38 |
Impedances in Parallel and the Current Divider | p. 39 |
Applying Kirchhoff's Laws in AC Form | p. 39 |
Thevenin's Theorem in AC Form | p. 43 |
Power in AC Circuits | p. 44 |
Decibels | p. 45 |
Resonance in LC Circuits | p. 46 |
Resonance in RLC Circuits | p. 47 |
Filters | p. 48 |
Circuits with Periodic Nonsinusoidal Sources | p. 53 |
Circuits with Nonperiodic Sources | p. 55 |
Nonlinear Circuits and Analyzing Circuits by Intuition | p. 55 |
Basic Electronic Circuit Components | p. 59 |
Wires, Cables, and Connectors | p. 59 |
Wires | p. 59 |
Cables | p. 61 |
Connectors | p. 63 |
Wiring and Connector Symbols | p. 66 |
High-Frequency Effects within Wires and Cables | p. 66 |
Batteries | p. 76 |
How a Cell Works | p. 77 |
Primary Batteries | p. 79 |
Comparing Primary Batteries | p. 80 |
Secondary Batteries | p. 81 |
Battery Capacity | p. 83 |
Note on Internal Voltage Drop of a Battery | p. 83 |
Switches | p. 84 |
How a Switch Works | p. 84 |
Describing a Switch | p. 85 |
Kinds of Switches | p. 86 |
Simple Switch Applications | p. 88 |
Relays | p. 89 |
Specific Kinds of Relays | p. 91 |
A Few Notes about Relays | p. 92 |
Some Simple Relay Circuits | p. 93 |
Resistors | p. 93 |
How a Resistor Works | p. 94 |
Basic Resistor Operation | p. 95 |
Types of Fixed Resistors | p. 96 |
Understanding Resistor Labels | p. 97 |
Power Ratings for Resistors | p. 98 |
Variable Resistors | p. 98 |
Capacitors | p. 99 |
How a Capacitor Works | p. 100 |
A Note about I = CdV/dt | p. 101 |
Water Analogy of a Capacitor | p. 101 |
Basic Capacitor Functions | p. 102 |
Kinds of Capacitors | p. 103 |
Variable Capacitors | p. 105 |
Reading Capacitor Labels | p. 105 |
Important Things to Know about Capacitors | p. 105 |
Applications | p. 106 |
Inductors | p. 108 |
How an Inductor Works | p. 108 |
Basic Inductor Operation | p. 110 |
Kinds of Coils | p. 111 |
Transformers | p. 112 |
Basic Operation | p. 115 |
Special Kinds of Transformers | p. 116 |
Applications | p. 117 |
Real Kinds of Transformers | p. 118 |
Fuses and Circuit Breakers | p. 119 |
Types of Fuses and Circuit Breakers | p. 120 |
Semiconductors | p. 123 |
Semiconductor Technology | p. 123 |
What Is a Semiconductor? | p. 123 |
Applications of Silicon | p. 128 |
Diodes | p. 129 |
How a pn-Junction Diode Works | p. 129 |
Diode Water Analogy | p. 131 |
Basic Applications | p. 131 |
Important Things to Know about Diodes | p. 135 |
Zener Diodes | p. 136 |
Zener Diode Water Analogy | p. 136 |
Basic Applications for Zener Diodes | p. 136 |
Transistors | p. 138 |
Introduction to Transistors | p. 138 |
Bipolar Transistors | p. 140 |
Junction Field-Effect Transistors | p. 158 |
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors | p. 168 |
Unijunction Transistors | p. 177 |
Thyristors | p. 181 |
Introduction | p. 181 |
Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers | p. 182 |
Silicon-Controlled Switches | p. 185 |
Triacs | p. 186 |
Four-Layer Diodes and Diacs | p. 189 |
Optoelectronics | p. 191 |
A Little Lecture on Photons | p. 191 |
Lamps | p. 193 |
Light-Emitting Diodes | p. 196 |
How an LED Works | p. 196 |
Kinds of LEDs | p. 197 |
Technical Stuff about LEDs | p. 198 |
Basic LED Operations | p. 200 |
Photoresistors | p. 201 |
How a Photoresistor Works | p. 202 |
Technical Stuff | p. 202 |
Applications | p. 202 |
Photodiodes | p. 203 |
How a Photodiode Works | p. 204 |
Basic Operations | p. 204 |
Kinds of Photodiodes | p. 205 |
Solar Cells | p. 205 |
Basic Operations | p. 206 |
Phototransistors | p. 206 |
How a Phototransistor Works | p. 207 |
Basic Configurations | p. 208 |
Kinds of Phototransistors | p. 208 |
Technical Stuff | p. 208 |
Applications | p. 209 |
Photothyristors | p. 210 |
How LASCRs Work | p. 210 |
Basic Operation | p. 211 |
Optoisolators | p. 211 |
Integrated Optoisolators | p. 212 |
Applications | p. 212 |
Integrated Circuits | p. 213 |
IC Packages | p. 214 |
Some Basic ICs to Get You Started | p. 216 |
Operational Amplifiers | p. 219 |
Operational Amplifier Water Analogy | p. 220 |
How Op Amps Work (The "Cop-Out" Explanation) | p. 221 |
Theory | p. 222 |
Negative Feedback | p. 223 |
Positive Feedback | p. 228 |
Real Kinds of Op Amps | p. 229 |
Op Amp Specifications | p. 231 |
Powering Op Amps | p. 233 |
Some Practical Notes | p. 234 |
Voltage and Current Offset Compensation | p. 235 |
Frequency Compensation | p. 236 |
Comparators | p. 236 |
Comparators with Hysteresis | p. 238 |
Inverting Comparator with Hysteresis | p. 238 |
Noninverting Comparator with Hysteresis | p. 239 |
Using Single-Supply Comparators | p. 240 |
Window Comparator | p. 240 |
Voltage-Level Indicator | p. 241 |
Applications | p. 241 |
Filters | p. 247 |
Things to Know before You Start Designing Filters | p. 248 |
Basic Filters | p. 249 |
Passive Low-Pass Filter Design | p. 250 |
A Note on Filter Types | p. 254 |
Passive High-Pass Filter Design | p. 254 |
Passive Bandpass Filter Design | p. 256 |
Passive Notch Filter Design | p. 258 |
Active Filter Design | p. 259 |
Active Low-Pass Filter Example | p. 260 |
Active High-Pass Filter Example | p. 261 |
Active Bandpass Filters | p. 262 |
Active Notch Filters | p. 264 |
Integrated Filter Circuits | p. 265 |
Oscillators and Timers | p. 267 |
RC Relaxation Oscillators | p. 268 |
The 555 Timer IC | p. 270 |
How a 555 Works (Astable Operation) | p. 271 |
Basic Astable Operation | p. 272 |
How a 555 Works (Monostable Operation) | p. 273 |
Basic Monostable Operation | p. 274 |
Some Important Notes about 555 Timers | p. 274 |
Simple 555 Applications | p. 275 |
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) | p. 276 |
Wien-Bridge and Twin-T Oscillators | p. 277 |
LC Oscillators (Sinusoidal Oscillators) | p. 277 |
Crystal Oscillators | p. 280 |
Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies | p. 283 |
Voltage-Regulator ICs | p. 285 |
Fixed Regulator ICs | p. 285 |
Adjustable Regulator ICs | p. 285 |
Regulator Specifications | p. 286 |
A Quick Look at a Few Regulator Applications | p. 286 |
The Transformer | p. 286 |
Rectifier Packages | p. 286 |
A Few Simple Power Supplies | p. 287 |
Technical Points about Ripple Reduction | p. 289 |
Loose Ends | p. 291 |
Switching Regulator Supplies (Switchers) | p. 292 |
Kinds of Commercial Power Supply Packages | p. 296 |
Power Supply Construction | p. 297 |
Audio Electronics | p. 299 |
A Little Lecture on Sound | p. 299 |
Microphones | p. 301 |
Microphone Specifications | p. 302 |
Audio Amplifiers | p. 303 |
Preamplifiers | p. 304 |
Mixer Circuits | p. 305 |
A Note on Impedance Matching | p. 305 |
Speakers | p. 306 |
Crossover Networks | p. 307 |
Simple ICs Used to Drive Speakers | p. 309 |
Audible-Signal Devices | p. 310 |
Miscellaneous Audio Circuits | p. 310 |
Digital Electronics | p. 313 |
The Basics of Digital Electronics | p. 313 |
Digital Logic States | p. 313 |
Number Codes Used in Digital Electronics | p. 314 |
Clock Timing and Parallel versus Serial Transmission | p. 320 |
Logic Gates | p. 321 |
Multiple-Input Logic Gates | p. 322 |
Digital Logic Gate ICs | p. 322 |
Applications for a Single Logic Gate | p. 323 |
Combinational Logic | p. 325 |
Keeping Circuits Simple (Karnaugh Maps) | p. 332 |
Combinational Devices | p. 334 |
Multiplexers (Data Selectors) and Bilateral Switches | p. 334 |
Demultiplexers (Data Distributors) and Decoders | p. 336 |
Encoders and Code Converters | p. 339 |
Binary Adders | p. 342 |
Binary Adder/Subtractor | p. 344 |
Arithmetic/Logic Units (ALUs) | p. 344 |
Comparators and Magnitude Comparator ICs | p. 345 |
Parity Generator/Checker | p. 346 |
A Note on Obsolescence and the Trend toward Microcontroller Control | p. 347 |
Logic Families | p. 348 |
TTL Family of ICs | p. 349 |
CMOS Family of ICs | p. 351 |
Input/Output Voltages and Noise Margins | p. 351 |
Current Ratings, Fanout, and Propagation Delays | p. 352 |
A Detailed Look at the Various TTL and CMOS Subfamilies | p. 353 |
A Look at a Few Other Logic Series | p. 356 |
Logic Gates with Open-Collector Outputs | p. 357 |
Schmitt-Triggered Gates | p. 358 |
Interfacing Logic Families | p. 359 |
Powering and Testing Logic ICs and General Rules of Thumb | p. 360 |
Powering Logic ICs | p. 360 |
Power Supply Decoupling | p. 361 |
Unused Inputs | p. 361 |
Logic Probes and Logic Pulsers | p. 362 |
Sequential Logic | p. 363 |
SR Flip-Flops | p. 363 |
SR Flip-Flop (Latch) ICs | p. 368 |
D Flip-Flops | p. 369 |
A Few Simple D-Type Flip-Flop Applications | p. 371 |
Quad and Octal D Flip-Flops | p. 372 |
JK Flip-Flops | p. 373 |
Applications for JK Flip-Flops | p. 375 |
Practical Timing Considerations with Flip-Flops | p. 378 |
Digital Clock Generator and Single-Pulse Generators | p. 379 |
Automatic Power-Up Clear (Reset) Circuits | p. 382 |
More on Switch Debouncers | p. 382 |
Pullup and Pulldown Resistors | p. 383 |
Counter ICs | p. 384 |
Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counter) ICs | p. 384 |
Synchronous Counter ICs | p. 387 |
A Note on Counters with Displays | p. 393 |
Shift Registers | p. 394 |
Serial-In/Serial-Out Shifter Registers | p. 395 |
Serial-In/Parallel-Out Shift Registers | p. 395 |
Parallel-In/Serial-Out Shift Register | p. 396 |
Ring Counter (Shift Register Sequencer) | p. 396 |
Johnson Shift Counter | p. 397 |
Shift Register ICs | p. 398 |
Simple Shift Register Applications | p. 401 |
Three-State Buffers, Latches, and Transceivers | p. 404 |
Three-State Octal Buffers | p. 404 |
Three-State Octal Latches and Flip-Flops | p. 405 |
Transceivers | p. 407 |
Additional Digital Topics | p. 407 |
DC Motors, RC Servos, and Stepper Motors | p. 409 |
DC Continuous Motors | p. 409 |
Speed Control of DC Motors | p. 410 |
Directional Control of DC Motors | p. 411 |
RC Servos | p. 412 |
Stepper Motors | p. 414 |
Kinds of Stepper Motors | p. 415 |
Driving Stepper Motors | p. 417 |
Controlling the Driver with a Translator | p. 419 |
A Final Word on Identifying Stepper Motors | p. 421 |
Hands-on Electronics | p. 423 |
Safety | p. 423 |
Some Safety Tips | p. 424 |
Damaging Components with Electrostatic Discharge | p. 425 |
Handling Precautions | p. 426 |
Constructing Circuits | p. 426 |
Drawing a Circuit Schematic | p. 426 |
A Note on Circuit Simulator Programs | p. 428 |
Making a Prototype of Your Circuit | p. 428 |
The Final Circuit | p. 429 |
A Note about Board Layout | p. 433 |
Special Pieces of Hardware Used in Circuit Construction | p. 433 |
Soldering | p. 434 |
Desoldering | p. 434 |
Enclosing the Circuit | p. 435 |
Useful Items to Keep Handy | p. 435 |
Troubleshooting the Circuits You Build | p. 436 |
Multimeters | p. 437 |
Basic Operation | p. 437 |
How Analog VOMs Work | p. 438 |
How Digital Multimeters Work | p. 439 |
A Note on Measurement Errors | p. 440 |
Oscilloscopes | p. 441 |
How Scopes Work | p. 441 |
Interior Circuity of a Scope | p. 443 |
Aiming the Beam | p. 444 |
Scope Applications | p. 445 |
What All the Little Knobs and Switches Do | p. 446 |
Measuring Things with Scopes | p. 450 |
Scope Applications | p. 455 |
Appendices | p. 459 |
Power Distribution and Home Wiring | p. 459 |
Power Distribution | p. 459 |
A Closer Look at Three-Phase Electricity | p. 460 |
Home Wiring | p. 462 |
Electricity in Other Countries | p. 463 |
Electronic Symbols | p. 465 |
Useful Facts and Formulas | p. 467 |
Greek Alphabet | p. 467 |
Powers of 10 Unit Prefixes | p. 467 |
Linear Functions (y = mx + b) | p. 467 |
Quadratic Equation (y = ax[superscript 2] + bx + c) | p. 468 |
Exponents and Logarithms | p. 468 |
Trigonometry | p. 468 |
Complex Numbers | p. 469 |
Differential Calculus | p. 469 |
Finding Components | p. 471 |
A Note on Injection Molding and Patents | p. 473 |
History of Electronics Timeline | p. 477 |
Component Data, List of Logic ICs, Foreign Semiconductor Codes | p. 483 |
Standard Resistance Values for 5% Carbon-Film Resistors | p. 483 |
Selection of Diodes | p. 483 |
Selection of Zener Diodes | p. 485 |
General Purpose Bipolar Transistors | p. 486 |
General Purpose Power Bipolar Transistors | p. 487 |
Selection of RF Transistors | p. 488 |
Selection of Small-Signal JFETs | p. 488 |
Selection of Power FETs | p. 489 |
Selection of Op Amps | p. 490 |
Common 4000 Series Logic ICs | p. 491 |
Common 7000 Series Logic ICs | p. 492 |
Semiconductor Codes | p. 494 |
Analog/Digital Interfacing | p. 497 |
Triggering Simple Logic Responses from Analog Signals | p. 497 |
Using Logic to Drive External Loads | p. 498 |
Analog Switches | p. 499 |
Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer | p. 500 |
Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion | p. 501 |
Analog-to-Digital Converters | p. 508 |
Displays | p. 515 |
LED Displays | p. 515 |
Alphanumeric LED Displays | p. 518 |
Liquid-Crystal Displays | p. 521 |
Memory Devices | p. 535 |
Read-Only Memories (ROMs) | p. 535 |
Simple ROM Made Using Diodes | p. 536 |
Terms Used to Describe Memory Size and Organization | p. 537 |
Simple Programmable ROM | p. 538 |
Various Kinds of ROM Devices | p. 539 |
Random-Access Memories (RAMs) | p. 545 |
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers | p. 553 |
Introduction to Microprocessors | p. 554 |
Microcontrollers | p. 561 |
Index | p. 585 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |