Preface | p. xi |
Introduction to Speech Communication | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Objectives | p. 3 |
The Communication Process | p. 5 |
Noise | p. 6 |
Environmental Noise | p. 7 |
Listener-Generated Noise | p. 7 |
Speaker-Generated Noise | p. 8 |
How to Use This Book | p. 8 |
Chapters | p. 8 |
Appendixes | p. 10 |
Feedback | p. 11 |
Glossary | p. 12 |
The Speech Process | p. 13 |
Objectives | p. 13 |
Overview | p. 13 |
The Nature of Sound | p. 14 |
What Sound Is | p. 14 |
Characteristics of Sound | p. 14 |
Frequency and Pitch | p. 14 |
Intensity and Loudness | p. 15 |
Spectrum and Quality | p. 16 |
The Speech Process | p. 16 |
Audition | p. 17 |
Innervation | p. 18 |
Breathing | p. 20 |
The Mechanism | p. 20 |
Breathing for Speech | p. 23 |
Phonation | p. 24 |
Sound Production | p. 25 |
Pitch | p. 27 |
Responance | p. 27 |
Resonance in the Vocal Tract | p. 28 |
Articulation | p. 29 |
Summary | p. 33 |
Suggested Readings | p. 34 |
Glossary | p. 34 |
The Sounds of American English | p. 38 |
Objectives | p. 38 |
Speech Comes First | p. 38 |
Sounds, Not Letters | p. 39 |
Speech and Writing Confusion | p. 39 |
The Problem with Letters | p. 40 |
English Spelling and English Speech | p. 40 |
IPA | p. 41 |
IPA Transcription | p. 42 |
The Phoneme | p. 44 |
The Allophone | p. 45 |
Phonetics and Phonemics | p. 45 |
Dialects and Standard Speech | p. 45 |
Dialects | p. 45 |
Regional Dialects | p. 46 |
Standard Speech | p. 46 |
Nonstandard Speech | p. 46 |
Foreign Accents | p. 47 |
Classification of Sounds | p. 47 |
Consonants | p. 47 |
Classification of Consonants | p. 48 |
Voicing | p. 48 |
Place of Articulation | p. 48 |
Method of Articulation | p. 49 |
Vowels | p. 50 |
Classification of Vowels | p. 50 |
Height of the Tongue | p. 50 |
Place of Production | p. 51 |
Muscle Tension | p. 51 |
Diphthongs | p. 51 |
Phonetic Transcription | p. 52 |
Regional Dialects | p. 53 |
Southern Regional Dialect | p. 54 |
New England Regional Dialect | p. 54 |
New York Regional Dialect | p. 54 |
Eastern Regional Dialect | p. 55 |
Glossary | p. 55 |
Diction | p. 61 |
Improving Voice and Diction: The Basics | p. 63 |
Objectives | p. 63 |
How to Do It | p. 64 |
Ear Training | p. 65 |
Recognition | p. 66 |
Discrimination | p. 66 |
Warm-ups | p. 67 |
Sensitizing Exercise | p. 67 |
Glossary | p. 68 |
Diction: The Consonants | p. 69 |
Objectives | p. 69 |
Plosives | |
[p] as in pat [b] as in boat | p. 70 |
[t] as in top [d] as in dog | p. 82 |
[k] as in key [g] as in go | p. 100 |
Fricatives | |
[f] as in four [v] as in very | p. 114 |
[[theta]] as in thin [[characters not reproducible]] as in the | p. 126 |
[s] as in snake [z] as in zoo | p. 141 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in she [[characters not reproducible]] as in beige | p. 160 |
[h] as in hot | p. 168 |
Glides | |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in where [w] as in wet | p. 171 |
[r] as in red | p. 176 |
[j] as in yes | p. 187 |
Lateral | |
[l] as in left | p. 190 |
Nasals | |
[m] as in man | p. 198 |
[n] as in no | p. 200 |
[[eta]] as in sing | p. 202 |
Affricates | |
[t[characters not reproducible]] as in chair [d[characters not reproducible]] as in judge | p. 209 |
Diction: The Vowels and Diphthongs | p. 218 |
Objectives | |
Front Vowels | |
[i] as in see | p. 220 |
[I] as in sit | p. 223 |
[e] as in ate | p. 229 |
[[epsiv]] as in bet | p. 232 |
[ae] as in pat | p. 237 |
Back Vowels | |
[u] as in too | p. 243 |
[U] as in book | p. 245 |
[o] as in rope | p. 248 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in awful | p. 251 |
[a] as in calm | p. 257 |
Mid Vowels | |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in up | p. 260 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in banana | p. 263 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in early | p. 265 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in father | p. 268 |
Diphthongs | |
[aI] as in ice | p. 271 |
[aU] as in how | p. 276 |
[[characters not reproducible]I] as in coin | p. 279 |
[eI] as in raid | p. 229 |
[oU] as in robe | p. 248 |
Minor Diphthongs | |
[I[characters not reproducible]] as in gear | p. 224 |
[[characters not reproducible]] asin pair | p. 233 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in car | p. 258 |
[U[characters not reproducible]] as in poor | p. 246 |
[[characters not reproducible]] as in pore | p. 252 |
Voice | p. 283 |
Voice Production | p. 285 |
Objectives | p. 285 |
Guide to Voice Production Exercises | p. 286 |
Breathing | p. 286 |
Breathing for Speech | p. 286 |
Breath Control | p. 287 |
Abdominal Breathing | p. 287 |
Breath-Control Duration | p. 290 |
Breath-Control Breathiness | p. 291 |
Loudness | p. 292 |
Controlling Loudness | p. 292 |
Loudness-Force | p. 293 |
Loudness-Projection | p. 294 |
Loudness-Control | p. 295 |
Loudness-Practice | p. 296 |
Pitch | p. 296 |
Determining Optimum Pitch | p. 297 |
Determining Habitual Pitch | p. 298 |
Changing Habitual Pitch | p. 298 |
Changing Habitual Pitch | p. 299 |
Extending Your Pitch Range | p. 299 |
Relaxation | p. 300 |
Progressive Relaxation | p. 300 |
Fantasy | p. 300 |
Head Rolling | p. 301 |
Sighing | p. 301 |
Yawning | p. 301 |
Singing | p. 302 |
Quality | p. 302 |
Resonance | p. 302 |
Nasality and Resonance | p. 304 |
Types of Nasality | p. 304 |
Nasality-Ear Training | p. 304 |
Nasality-Pulling | p. 306 |
Denasality-Pushing | p. 306 |
Denasality | p. 307 |
Tense, Strident, Metallic, and Hoarse Qualities | p. 308 |
Excess Tension | p. 308 |
Vocal or Glottal Fry | p. 308 |
Vocal Fry | p. 308 |
Throaty Quality | p. 309 |
Hard Glottal Attack | p. 309 |
Hard Glottal Attack | p. 309 |
Glossary | p. 310 |
Vocal Expressiveness | p. 313 |
Objectives | p. 313 |
Reading Aloud | p. 314 |
Why Read Aloud? | p. 314 |
Components of Vocal Expression | p. 315 |
Rate | p. 315 |
Determining Your Own Rate | p. 316 |
Appropriate Rate | p. 318 |
Timed Readings for Rate | p. 319 |
Duration | p. 322 |
Duration Practice | p. 322 |
Contrast Drill for Duration | p. 322 |
Contrast Drill for Duration | p. 323 |
Contrast Drill for Duration | p. 323 |
Pausing | p. 324 |
Pausing Exercises | p. 325 |
Stress | p. 327 |
Word Stress | p. 328 |
Word Stress Drill | p. 328 |
Syllable Stress | p. 329 |
Compound Word Stress Drill | p. 330 |
Polysyllabic Stress Drill | p. 330 |
Practice Readings for Stress | p. 330 |
Intonation | p. 333 |
Key | p. 334 |
Middle Key Readings | p. 335 |
Low Key Readings | p. 336 |
High Key Readings | p. 337 |
Inflection | p. 338 |
Drills for Inflection | p. 339 |
Drill for Rising Inflection | p. 339 |
Drill for Falling Inflection | p. 340 |
Drill for Circumflex Inflection | p. 341 |
Practice Sentences | p. 341 |
Steps | p. 342 |
Drill for Steps | p. 342 |
Readings for Intonation | p. 343 |
Integration | p. 345 |
General | p. 345 |
Glossary | p. 365 |
Dealing with Nervousness | p. 367 |
Special Speech Problems | p. 379 |
Nonverbal Communication | p. 387 |
Guide to Foreign Accents | p. 402 |
Pronunciation List | p. 413 |
Diagnostic Materials and Speech Checklists | p. 421 |
Permission Acknowledgments | p. 427 |
Index | p. 429 |
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