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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Application of Biological Processes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Beginnings | |
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| Bioengineering | |
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| Bioremediation Engineering | |
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| Chemical Nature of Hazardous Spills | |
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| Application of Bioremediation | |
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| Managing a Bioremediation Project | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining the Project and Goals | |
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| The Project Team | |
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| Initial Review of Remediation Options | |
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| Site Characterization | |
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| Screening and Selecting Remediation Alternatives | |
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| Developing the Design Concept | |
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| Supporting Elements | |
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| Health and Safety Plan | |
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| Spill and Contingency Plan | |
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| Monitoring Plan | |
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| Community Relations Plan | |
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| Residuals Management | |
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| Site Utilities | |
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| Permit Requirements | |
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| Treatability Studies | |
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| Revising Process Design | |
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| Finalize Design | |
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| Remediation Field Activities | |
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| Microbial Systems of Bioremediation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Microbial Energy | |
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| Microbial Metabolism | |
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| Other Significant Reactions | |
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| Electron Acceptors | |
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| Enzyme Activity | |
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| Microbiology of Bioremediation | |
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| Microbial Divisions | |
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| Bioremediation Organisms | |
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| Bioprocess Control Parameters | |
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| Biological Process Requirements | |
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| Substrate | |
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| Electron Acceptors | |
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| Required Environmental Conditions | |
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| Growth Nutrients | |
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| Optimizing Microbial Transformation of Hazardous Chemicals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Petroleum Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Microbial Metabolism | |
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| Summation | |
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| Petroleum Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Microbial Metabolism | |
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| Summation | |
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| Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Microbial Metabolism | |
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| Summation | |
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| Halogenated Aromatic Compounds | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Microbial Metabolism | |
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| Summation | |
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| Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Microbial Metabolism | |
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| Summation | |
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| Microbial Detoxification of Specialty Chemicals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pesticides | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Halogenated Aliphatic Pesticides | |
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| Chlorinated Cyclic Aliphatic Pesticides | |
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| Pentachiorophenol and DDT | |
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| Chlorinated Phenoxyalkanoates | |
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| Halogenated Aniline-Base Pesticides | |
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| Cyclodiene Pesticides | |
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| Nitrogen Pesticides: Carbamate, Carbamothioate, and Dicarboximide | |
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| Pyrethroid Pesticides | |
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| Organophosphonate Pesticides | |
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| Polychlorinated Biphenyls | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Degradation Potential | |
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| Azo Dyes | |
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| Chemical Nature | |
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| Degradation Potential | |
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| Site Characterization for Bioremediation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Site Surveys | |
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| Assessments for Biological Processes | |
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| Carbon and Energy | |
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| Electron Acceptor | |
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| Microbial Activity | |
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| Nutrient Conditions | |
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| Other Environmental Factors | |
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| Assessments for In Situ Bioremediation | |
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| Distribution of Contamination | |
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| Microbial Activity | |
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| Soll and Water Characteristics | |
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| Assessments for Process Control | |
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| Hydrogeological Characterization | |
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| Confirming Transport Characteristics | |
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| In Situ Bioremediation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hydraulic Control | |
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| Subsurface Delivery Systems | |
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| Gravity Injection | |
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| Force Injection | |
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| Recovery Systems | |
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| Injection/Recovery Well Configurations | |
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| Clogging Control | |
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| Suspended Solids Clogging | |
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| Biofouling | |
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| Chemical Clogging | |
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| In Situ Oxygen Sources | |
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| Aeration of a Well Bore | |
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| Injection of Oxygenated Water | |
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| Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide | |
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| In Situ Cometabolism | |
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| Electron Acceptor Delivery Rates | |
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| Bioventing | |
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| Application | |
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| Design | |
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| Costs and Selection of the Oxygen Source | |
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| Off-Gas Treatment | |
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| Clean-Up Time | |
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| Site Monitoring | |
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| Solid- and Slurry-Phase Bioremediation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Design Considerations | |
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| Mass Transfer | |
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| Materials Handling | |
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| Land Farming | |
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| Design and Operation | |
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| Bioremediation Applications | |
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| Composting | |
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| Process Description | |
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| Windrow System | |
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| Static Pile Process | |
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| In-Vessel Composting | |
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| Process Control | |
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| Bioremediation Applications | |
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| Slurry Treatment | |
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| Advantages over Solid Phase | |
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| Slurry Bioreactors | |
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| Slurry Lagoon Systems | |
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| Liquid-Phase Bioremediation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Process Design Parameters and Relationships | |
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| Enzyme-Substrate Kinetics | |
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| Monod Equation | |
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| Models for Reactor Designs | |
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| Design and Operation Emphasis | |
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| Low Energy and Low Growth Yielding Substrates | |
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| Cometabolism and Sequencing Metabolic Modes | |
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| Bioreactor Start-Up | |
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| Life-Cycle Design | |
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| Volatilization Control | |
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| Suspended Bioreactors | |
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| Activated Sludge Process | |
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| Powder-Activated Carbon Activated Sludge Process | |
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| Alternative Anoxic Oxic Process | |
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| Sequencing Batch Reactor | |
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| Fixed Biofilm Reactors | |
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| Properties of Immobilized Biomass | |
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| The Support Media | |
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| Packed-Bed Reactors | |
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| Trickling Filters | |
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| Fluidized-Bed Reactors | |
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| Rotating Biological Contactors | |
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| Air Sparged Reactors | |
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| Treatability Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Purpose of Treatability Studies | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Bases of Design | |
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| Developing Protocols | |
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| Methodologies and Costs | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Protocols | |
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| Example Protocol | |
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| Test Protocol for Evaluating the Capability of Indigenous Microorganisms | |
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| Appendix A | |
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| Definition of Hazardous Waste | |
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| Listings of Hazardous Waste | |
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| Ignitability | |
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| Corrosivity | |
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| Reactivity | |
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| Toxicity | |
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| Mixture and "Derived from" Rules | |
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| Hazardous Substances List and Contamination Group Codes | |
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| Calculating Process Requirements | |
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| Mass Requirements for Electron Acceptor and Nutrients | |
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| Balancing Redox Reactions | |
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| Example Problem | |
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| Delivery Rates for Electron Acceptor and Nutrients | |
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| Rate of Degradation | |
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| Example Problem | |
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| Bioventing Example Problem | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |