| |
| |
| Drinking Water Quality Standards, Regulations, and Goals | |
| |
| |
| Early Development of Drinking Water Standards | |
| |
| |
| Early History of U.S | |
| |
| |
| Federal Drinking Water Standards | |
| |
| |
| The Safe Drinking Water Act; Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments | |
| |
| |
| 1988 Lead Contamination Control Act | |
| |
| |
| 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments | |
| |
| |
| Development of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations | |
| |
| |
| International Drinking Water Standards | |
| |
| |
| Trends for the Future | |
| |
| |
| Health and Aesthetic Aspects of Water Quality | |
| |
| |
| Waterborne Disease Outbreaks | |
| |
| |
| Pathogenic Organisms | |
| |
| |
| Indicators and Indicator Organisms | |
| |
| |
| The Health Effects of Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Constituents | |
| |
| |
| Organic Constituents | |
| |
| |
| Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products | |
| |
| |
| Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| Guide to Selection of Water Treatment Processes | |
| |
| |
| Water Supply Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Factors Influencing Process Selection | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Process Options | |
| |
| |
| Examples of Treatment Process Selection | |
| |
| |
| Source Water Quality Management | |
| |
| |
| Groundwater | |
| |
| |
| Groundwater Source Quality: Relationship with Surface Water and Regulation | |
| |
| |
| General Overview of Groundwater Sources and Impacts on Their Quality | |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Private and Public Groundwater Source Uses: Quality Management Issues | |
| |
| |
| Surface Water | |
| |
| |
| Quality Management of Surface Water Sources | |
| |
| |
| Air Stripping and Aeration | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Gas Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Unit Operations | |
| |
| |
| Diffused or Bubble Aeration | |
| |
| |
| Surface Aeration | |
| |
| |
| Spray Aerators | |
| |
| |
| Coagulation and Flocculation | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Contaminants | |
| |
| |
| Stability of Particle Suspensions | |
| |
| |
| Coagulants | |
| |
| |
| The Flocculation Process | |
| |
| |
| Sedimentation and Flotation | |
| |
| |
| History of Sedimentation | |
| |
| |
| Sedimentation Theory | |
| |
| |
| Operational and Design Considerations for Sedimentation | |
| |
| |
| Dissolved-Air Flotation | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Dissolved-Air Flotation | |
| |
| |
| Operational and Design Considerations for Flotation | |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
| Granular Bed and Precoat Filtration | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of Potable Water Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Filter Media; Hydraulics of Flow Through Porous Media; Rapid Granular Bed Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Rapid Filtration and Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Rapid Filter Performance | |
| |
| |
| Direct Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Flow Control in Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Backwashing of Rapid Filters | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Rapid Filters | |
| |
| |
| Pressure Granular Bed Filters | |
| |
| |
| Slow Sand Filters | |
| |
| |
| Precoat Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Other Filters | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Technology | |
| |
| |
| Waste Disposal | |
| |
| |
| Ion Exchange and Inorganic Adsorption | |
| |
| |
| Introduction and Theory of Ion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Ion Exchange Materials and Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Ion Exchange Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| Ion Exchange and Adsorption Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| Column Processes and Calculations | |
| |
| |
| Design Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Cocurrent Versus Countercurrent Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| Applications of Ion Exchange and Adsorption | |
| |
| |
| Barium Removal by Ion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Radium Removal by Ion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Nitrate Removal by Ion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Fluoride Removal by Activated Alumina | |
| |
| |
| Arsenic Removal by Resins and Alumina | |
| |
| |
| Chromate Removal by Anion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Color and Organics Removal by Resins | |
| |
| |
| Uranium Removal by Anion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Perchlorate Removal by Anion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Waste Disposal | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Precipitation | |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Chemical Precipitation | |
| |
| |
| Water Softening by Chemical Precipitation | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Nominal Organic Material | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Other Contaminants by Precipitation | |
| |
| |
| Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Classifications and Configurations of Membrane Processes | |
| |
| |
| Membrane Properties and Rejection Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Mass Transport and Separation | |
| |
| |
| Process Design Criteria | |
| |
| |
| Waste Disposal | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| Oxidants Used in Water Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Applications of Oxidation Processes | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Disinfection (and Oxidation) By-Products | |
| |
| |
| Adsorption of Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Adsorption Theory | |
| |
| |
| GAC Adsorption Systems | |
| |
| |
| Performance of GAC Systems | |
| |
| |
| GAC Performance Estimation | |
| |
| |
| PAC Adsorption Systems | |
| |
| |
| PAC Performance | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Reactivation of GAC; Adsorption of Organic Matter on Resins | |
| |
| |
| Disinfection | |
| |
| |
| History of Disinfection | |
| |
| |
| Disinfectants and Theory of Disinfection | |
| |
| |
| Disinfectant Demand Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Assessment of Microbial Quality (Indicators) | |
| |
| |
| Pathogens of Concern | |
| |
| |
| Disinfection Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| The CT Approach in Regulation | |
| |
| |
| UV Processes | |
| |
| |
| Mode of Action of Disinfectants | |
| |
| |
| Disinfectant Residuals for Posttreatment Protection | |
| |
| |
| Application of Technologies | |
| |
| |
| Use of Multiple Disinfectants | |
| |
| |
| Relative Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Diagnostics and Troubleshooting | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 15 | |
| |
| |
| History | |
| |
| |
| Recent Studies | |
| |
| |
| Present Status of Fluoridation | |
| |
| |
| Theory | |
| |
| |
| Operational and Design Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Application | |
| |
| |
| Water Treatment Plant Residuals Management | |
| |
| |
| Quantity of Solid/Liquid Residuals Generated | |
| |
| |
| Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Solid/Liquid Residuals | |
| |
| |
| Thickening Solid/Liquid Residuals | |
| |
| |
| Nonmechanical Dewatering of Solid/Liquid Residuals | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Dewatering of Solid/Liquid Residuals | |
| |
| |
| Recycle | |
| |
| |
| Membrane and Ion Exchange Residuals | |
| |
| |
| Ultimate Disposal and Utilization of Solids | |
| |
| |
| Internal Corrosion and Deposition Control | |
| |
| |
| Corrosion, Passivation, and Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Types of Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Physical Factors Affecting Corrosion and Metals Release | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Factors Affecting Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Corrosion of Specific Materials | |
| |
| |
| Direct Methods for the Assessment of Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Indirect Methods for the Assessment of Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Corrosion Control Alternatives | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Microbiological Quality Control in Distribution Systems | |
| |
| |
| General Considerations for Contamination Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Engineering Considerations for Contamination Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Factors Contributing to Microbial Quality Deterioration | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Quality of Distributed Water | |
| |
| |
| Microbial Colonization Factors | |
| |
| |
| Monitoring Factors | |