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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Soil | |
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| Soil and Sustainability | |
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| What Is Soil? | |
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| How Do Soils Form? | |
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| Minerals and Organic Matter | |
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| Size and Organization of Particles | |
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| Soil Pores | |
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| Surface Reactions and Transfer Processes | |
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| Soil as an Ecosystem | |
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| Soil Morphology | |
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| Soil Formation | |
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| Soil Classification | |
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| Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Soil Series | |
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| Soil Management | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Solids and Pores | |
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| Particle Sizes | |
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| The Coarse Fraction | |
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| The Fine-Earth Fraction | |
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| Soil Texture | |
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| Particle Size Analysis | |
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| Particle Arrangement | |
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| Aggregate Shape | |
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| The Revelance of Soil Texture, Structure and Depth | |
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| Aggregate Size | |
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| Aggregate Grade | |
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| Mode of Formation | |
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| Soil Minerals | |
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| General Properties | |
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| Silicate Minerals of Sand and Silt | |
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| Minerals of the Clay Fraction | |
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| Common Use of Clay Minerals | |
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| Soil Organic Matter and Humus | |
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| Coarse Organic Materials | |
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| Colloidal Fraction | |
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| Soil Color and Consistence | |
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| Pores | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Additional Particle Size Classifications and Methods to Display Data | |
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| Stokes' Law | |
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| Mineral Formulas and Structures | |
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| Charge in lons | |
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| Liquids and Gases | |
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| Soil Air | |
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| Composition | |
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| Air Movement | |
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| Air-Water Relationships | |
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| Porosity | |
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| Bulk Density and Void Ratio | |
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| Soil Water | |
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| Characteristics of Water | |
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| Soil Density | |
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| Pore Water Composition | |
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| Soil Water Amounts | |
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| Solid-Liquid Interactions | |
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| Ion Exchange | |
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| Specific Adsorption Reactions | |
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| Weak Sorption Reactions | |
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| Organic Chemicals and Their Adsorption | |
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| Nonpolar Substances | |
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| Polar Nonionic Substances | |
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| Adsorption Isotherms | |
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| Pore Retention | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Measuring CEC | |
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| Example CEC Calculations | |
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| pH | |
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| Partial Pressure and Gas Solubility | |
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| Measuring Bulk Density | |
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| Organic Electrolytes | |
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| Soil Climate | |
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| Sunshine: Irradiation and Heating | |
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| Radiant Energy | |
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| Radiant Heating and Heat Dissipation | |
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| Movement of Heat through Soil and Other Media | |
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| Conduction (Diffusive Transfer) | |
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| Consequences of Exchanges Between the Air and Ground Surface | |
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| Heat Capacity, Conductivity, and Temperature Gradients | |
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| Turbulence and Heat Flow in Air and Water | |
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| Principles in Action: Controlling Soil Climates | |
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| Summary of Principles | |
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| Seasonal and Geographic Variations in Soil Climate | |
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| Management of Soil Temperature | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Forms of Radiation | |
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| Movement of Heat, Water, Gases, and Solutes | |
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| Water in the Soil-Plant System | |
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| Water Storage in Soil | |
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| Water Retention and Capacity | |
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| Water Content and Water Potential | |
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| Modes of Water Movement | |
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| Vapor Flow and Liquid Flow | |
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| Saturated and Unsaturated Liquid Flow in Soil | |
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| Water Flow in Stratified Soils | |
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| Preferential Flow | |
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| Principles of Water Movement | |
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| Forces That Move Water | |
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| Water Potential and Water Movement | |
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| Pollutant Transport in Soils | |
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| Factors Affecting Water Potentials | |
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| Potential Differences and Gradients | |
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| Constraints to Water Movement | |
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| Conductivity in Soil | |
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| Conductivity in Soil-Plant Systems | |
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| Water Stress in Plants | |
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| Evapotranspiration | |
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| Factors Controlling Evaporation and Transpiration | |
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| Measurement of Water Use | |
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| Water Movement and Environment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Capillarity | |
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| Managing Soil Water | |
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| Water Management Concepts | |
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| Nonirrigated Land | |
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| Irrigated Agriculture | |
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| Water Extraction and Infiltration Patterns | |
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| Extraction by Plants | |
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| Infiltration | |
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| Irrigation Methods | |
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| Flood and Furrow Irrigation | |
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| Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation | |
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| Drainage | |
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| Water Use Efficiency | |
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| Biomass-Transpiration Ratio | |
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| Biomass-Evapotranspiration Ratio | |
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| Growth per Unit of Water Applied (or Available) | |
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| Land and Water Management | |
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| Yield Efficiency and Economic Efficiency | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Soil Organisms | |
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| Soil Communities | |
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| Kinds of Organisms in Soil | |
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| Proliferation, Spread, and Survival | |
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| Requirements and Adaptations of Microbes | |
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| Large Organisms | |
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| Plants and Their Roots | |
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| Soil Animals | |
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| Soil Microorganisms | |
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| Protozoa and Algae | |
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| Nematodes | |
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| Fungi | |
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| Bacteria (Monera) | |
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| Viruses | |
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| Constraints and Adaptations | |
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| Physical Constraints | |
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| Acidity, Salinity, and Other Chemical Inhibitors | |
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| Nutritional Constraints: Nitrogen | |
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| Nutritional Constraints: Energy and Carbon | |
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| Associations of Microorganisms with Plants | |
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| Rhizosphere Organisms | |
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| Root Pathogens and Parasites | |
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| Symbioses between Plants and Soil Microorganisms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Environmental Bugs | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses | |
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| Mycorrhizae | |
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| Nutritional Adaptations | |
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| Miorobial Processes | |
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| Decomposition of Organic Matter | |
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| General Process of Organic-Matter Decay | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Production and Oxygen Consumption | |
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| Humus Formation | |
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| Release and Immobilization of N and Other Nutrients | |
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| Decay Rates and Controlling Factors | |
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| Managing Soil Organic Matter | |
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| Carbon Sequestration | |
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| Oxidation of Ammonium, Sulfur, Iron, and Manganese | |
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| Processes | |
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| Requirements and Consequences | |
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| Anoxic Processes | |
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| Depletion of Oxygen: Reducing Conditions | |
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| Flooded Soils | |
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| Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles | |
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| Carbon Cycling in the Soil-Plant System | |
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| Nitrogen Cycling in the Soil-Plant System | |
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| Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Fertility | |
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| The Work of Microbes | |
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| Biodegradation of Chemicals in Soil | |
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| Biodegradation, Sorption, and Diffusion | |
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| Bioremediation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Biological Compounds | |
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| Oxidation and Reduction | |
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| Mineral Nutrients in Soils and Plants | |
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| Nutrient Elements in Plants | |
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| Elemental Composition of Plants | |
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| Forms and Functions of Nutrients in Plants | |
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| Uptake and Movement of Nutrients within Plants | |
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| Retention and Release of Nutrients in Soil | |
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| Soil Solution and Solid Nutrient Reserves | |
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| Release Processes | |
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| Movement of Ions to Roots | |
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| Significance and Processes | |
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| Nutrient Transport Rates | |
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| Nutrient Mobility in Soil | |
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| Root Growth and Development | |
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| Characteristics and Functions of Root Systems | |
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| Factors Affecting Root Development | |
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| Nutrient Availability and Deficiency | |
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| Nutrients, Fertilizers, and Sustainable Land Use | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Nutrient Elements in Plants | |
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| Nutrient Reserves and Release in Soil | |
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| Nutrient Availability and Soil pH | |
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| Managing Plant Nutrients | |
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| Fertilizers | |
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| Common Fertilizer Materials | |
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| Comparisons and Choices | |
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| Determining Fertilizer Needs: Deficiency Diagnosis | |
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| Kinds of Diagnoses | |
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| Nutrient Response Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Experiments with Plants | |
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| Supplemental Diagnostic Procedures | |
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| Fertilizer Efficiency and Nutrient Conservation | |
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| Methods and Timing of Fertilizer Application | |
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| Nutrient Cycling and the Control of Losses | |
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| Farming by Soil | |
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| Improving Nutrient Efficiency of Plants | |
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| Nutrients Efficiency, Energy Conservation and Soil Conservation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Fertilizers: Specifications and Calculations | |
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| Acidity and Salinity | |
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| Acidity and Related Problems | |
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| Nature and Causes | |
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| Effects of Acidity, Al, and Mn | |
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| Management of Soil Acidity | |
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| Salinity and Related Problems | |
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| Nature and Causes | |
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| Effects of Salinity, Sodicity, and Alkalinity | |
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| Management of Saline and Sodic Soils | |
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| Acid Precipitation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Acids, Bases, and Exchangeable Bases | |
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| Aluminum and Manganese Reactions | |
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| Acidifying and Alkalinizing Reactions | |
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| pH Buffering and Lime Requirements | |
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| Diagnostic Tests | |
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| Salt, Cations, and Colloid Dispersion | |
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| Acid Precipitation in Cool, Humid Forests | |
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| Soil Genesis | |
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| Factors of Soil Formation | |
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| Parent Material | |
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| Soil Stability, Nuclear Plants, and Sustainable Agriculture | |
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| Climate | |
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| Dust | |
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| Topography | |
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| Biota | |
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| Time | |
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| People as Soil Formers | |
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| A Soil Formation Equation | |
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| Soil-Forming Factors: Some Interactions | |
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| Wetlands | |
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| Processes of Soil Formation | |
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| Physical Weathering | |
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| Chemical Weathering | |
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| Translocation | |
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| Clay Formation | |
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| Products | |
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| Mineral Soils | |
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| Organic Soils | |
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| Hydric Soils | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Acidification | |
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| Solution | |
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| Clay Formation | |
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| Soil Information | |
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| Kinds of Soil Information | |
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| Geographic Data | |
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| Point Data | |
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| Soil Variability | |
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| Collecting and Displaying Information | |
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| Making a Soil Map | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Geographic Data Handling | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Soil Survey as Resource Base | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Section-Range System | |
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| Orders of the Soil Survey | |
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| Organizing Soils Information | |
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| Natural Systems | |
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| Why Organize Information? | |
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| Kinds of Organization | |
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| Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Sustainable Agriculture | |
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| Other Systems | |
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| Interpretive Systems | |
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| USDA Land Capability Classification | |
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| Appropriate Land Use | |
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| Timber and Range Site Indices | |
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| Special-Purpose Groupings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Suborders: An Example | |
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| The Canadian and WRB Soil Classification Systems | |
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| The Storie Index System | |
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| Soil Degradation | |
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| Soil Erosion | |
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| Water Erosion | |
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| Air and Water Quality | |
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| Wind Erosion | |
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| Gravity Erosion (Mass Wasting) | |
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| Physical Degradation | |
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| Surface Crusts and Seals | |
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| Compaction | |
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| Chemical Degradation | |
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| Nature of the Problem | |
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| Contaminant Interactions with Soil | |
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| Treating Contaminated Soils | |
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| The MTBE Story | |
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| Degradation Control | |
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| Erosion Control | |
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| Control of Physical Degradation | |
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| Special Problems | |
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| Desertification | |
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| Organic Soil Degradation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Nonagricultural Uses of Sils | |
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| Waste Disposal on Soils | |
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| On-Site Disposal | |
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| Off-Site Disposal | |
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| Waste Disposal | |
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| Engineering Properties | |
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| Soil Strength | |
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| Atterberg Limits | |
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| Shrink-Swell | |
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| Recreation and Construction | |
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| Recreational Facilities | |
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| Construction | |
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| Reclaimed and Artificial Soils | |
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| Polders | |
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| Mine Soils | |
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| Turf and Golf Greens | |
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| Horticultural Mixes | |
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| Urban Soils | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Perc Test | |
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| Suitability Criteria for Recreation | |