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| Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method | |
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| Scientific Research in Criminal Justice | |
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| Common Sense and Nonsense | |
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| Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice? | |
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| The Emergence of Science and Criminal Justice | |
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| The Probabilistic Nature of Science | |
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| Proper Conduct of Critical Inquiry | |
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| Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice | |
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| Merton's "Matthew Effect" in Science | |
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| The Paradigm Shift in Policing | |
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| Pure Versus Applied Research | |
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| The Project on Human Development | |
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| Crime Analysis: Applied Criminal Justice Research | |
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| Qualitative and Quantitative Research | |
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| Researchese: the Language of Research | |
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| Concepts | |
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| Operationalization | |
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| Variables | |
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| Dependent and Independent Variables | |
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| Theories/Hypotheses | |
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| Examples of the Research Process | |
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| Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders | |
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| General Steps in Empirical Research in Criminal Justice | |
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| Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem | |
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| Problem Formulation: Specification of Research Problem | |
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| Feminist Perspectives and Research Methods | |
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| The World Wide Web (WWW) | |
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| Ethics in Criminal Justice Research | |
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| Ethical Horror Stories | |
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| Biomedical Examples | |
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| Social Science Examples | |
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| AIDS Research in Africa and Asia: Is It Ethical? | |
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| Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism | |
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| Legendary Research Scams | |
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| The Researcher's Role | |
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| Research Targets in Criminal Justice | |
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| Ethics and Professionalism | |
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| Ethics in Criminal Justice Research | |
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| History of Federal Regulation of Research | |
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| The Belmont Report | |
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| Institutional Review Boards | |
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| Research Activities Exempt from HHS Review | |
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| National Institute of Justice's Human Subject Protection Requirements | |
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| Confidentiality of Criminal Justice Research | |
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| Codes of Research Ethics of the ACJS and the ASC | |
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| Ethical Issues in Criminology/Criminal Justice Research | |
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| Avoid Research That May Harm Respondents | |
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| Honor Commitments to Respondents and Respect Reciprocity | |
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| Exercise Objectivity and Professional Integrity in Performing and Reporting Research | |
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| Protect Confidentiality and Privacy of Respondents | |
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| Ethical Problems | |
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| The Brajuha Case (Weinstein Decision) | |
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| The Ofshe Case | |
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| The Hutchinson Case | |
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| Additional Ethical Concerns | |
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| Avoiding Ethical Problems | |
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| Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations | |
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| The Experimental Model | |
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| Research Design in a Nutshell | |
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| Causality | |
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| Resolution of the Causality Problem | |
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| Rival Causal Factors | |
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| Validity | |
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| Internal Factors: Variables Related to Internal Validity | |
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| History | |
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| Maturation | |
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| Testing | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Statistical Regression | |
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| Selection Bias | |
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| Experimental Mortality | |
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| Selection--Maturation Interaction | |
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| External Factors: Variables Related to External Validity | |
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| Testing Effects | |
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| Selection Bias | |
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| Reactivity or Awareness of Being Studied | |
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| Multiple-Treatment Interferences | |
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| Related Rival Causal Factors | |
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| Hawthorne Effect | |
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| Halo Effect | |
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| Post Hoc Error | |
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| Placebo Effect | |
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| Other Rival Causal Factors in Criminal Justice Field Experiments | |
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| Diffusion of Treatment | |
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| Compensatory Equalization of Treatment | |
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| Local History | |
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| Experimental Designs | |
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| The Classic Experimental Design | |
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| Some Criminal Justice Examples of the Classic Experimental Design | |
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| Candid Camera | |
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| Scared Straight | |
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| Community Policing | |
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| The Kansas City Gun Experiment | |
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| Other Experimental Designs | |
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| Posttest-Only Control Group Design | |
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| Solomon Four-Group Design | |
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| Preexperimental Designs | |
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| One-Group Ex Post Facto Design | |
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| One-Group Before-After Design | |
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| Two-Group Ex Post Facto Design | |
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| Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs | |
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| The Cycle of Violence and Victims of Child Abuse | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Time-Series Designs | |
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| Multiple Interrupted Time-Series Designs | |
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| Counterbalanced Designs | |
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| Some Other Criminal Justice Examples of Variations of the Experimental Model | |
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| The Provo and Silverlake Experiments | |
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| Evaluations of Shock Incarceration | |
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| The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment | |
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| The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment | |
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| The Experiment As a Data-Gathering Strategy | |
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| Advantages of Experiments | |
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| Disadvantages of Experiments | |
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| An Introduction to Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies and the Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports | |
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| Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies | |
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| Social Surveys | |
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| Participant Observation | |
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| Life History and Case Studies | |
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| Unobtrusive Measures | |
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| Applied Research: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | |
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| The Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports | |
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| The Crime Index | |
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| Crime Rate | |
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| Cautions in the Use of UCR Data | |
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| Factors Affecting the UCR | |
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| Related UCR Issues | |
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| The Crime Dip | |
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| UCR Redesign | |
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| National Incident-Based Reporting System | |
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| The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) | |
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| NIBRS versus UCR | |
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| Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires | |
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| Types of Sampling | |
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| Probability Samples | |
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| Nonprobability Samples | |
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| Crime Profiling | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction | |
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| Questionnaire Wording | |
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| Pretest | |
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| Organization of the Questionnaire | |
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| Mail Surveys | |
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| Advantages of Mail Surveys | |
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| Disadvantages of Mail Surveys | |
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| Ways of Eliminating Disadvantages in Mail Surveys | |
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| Follow-up | |
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| Offering Remuneration | |
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| Attractive Format | |
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| Sponsorship and Endorsements | |
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| Personalization | |
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| Shortened Format | |
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| Good Timing | |
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| Self-Reported Measures of Crime | |
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| Some Problems With Self-Report Surveys | |
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| Strengths of Self-Report Surveys | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Use of Other Data | |
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| Use of Other Observers | |
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| Use of Polygraph | |
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| "Known Group" Validation | |
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| Use of Lie Scales | |
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| Measures of Internal Consistency | |
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| Use of Interviews | |
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| Internet Surveys | |
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| Advantages of Internet Surveys | |
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| Disadvantages of Internet Surveys | |
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| Procedures in Internet Surveys | |
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| Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys | |
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| Types of Interviews | |
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| Advantages of Interviews | |
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| Disadvantages of Interviews | |
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| Interviewing Aids and Variations | |
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| Public Opinion Polls | |
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| General Procedures in Interviews | |
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| Training and Orientation Session | |
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| Arranging the Interview | |
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| Demeanor of Interviewer | |
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| Administration of the Structured Interview | |
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| Probing | |
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| The Exit | |
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| Recording the Interview | |
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| Telephone Surveys | |
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| Advantages and Prospects of Telephone Surveys | |
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| Disadvantages of Telephone Surveys | |
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| Computers in Survey Research | |
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| Random Digit Dialing | |
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| Techniques Employed in Telephone Surveys | |
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| Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice | |
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| National Crime Victimization Survey | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Panel Design | |
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| A Comparison of UCR, Ncvs, and Self-Report Data | |
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| Some Problems in Victim Surveys | |
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| Cost of Large Samples | |
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| False Reports | |
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| Mistaken Reporting | |
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| Poor Memory | |
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| Telescoping | |
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| Sampling Bias | |
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| Overreporting and Underreporting | |
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| Interviewer Effects | |
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| Coding Unreliability and Mechanical Error | |
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| Problems Measuring Certain Crimes | |
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| Benefits of Victim Surveys | |
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| A Defense of Victim Surveys | |
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| Controlling for Error in Victim Surveys | |
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| Bounding | |
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| Reverse Record Checks | |
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| Victim Surveys: A Balanced View | |
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| Community Crime Victimization Survey Software | |
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| Redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey | |
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| The Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey | |
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| Participant Observation and Case Studies | |
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| A Critique of Experiments and Surveys | |
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| Verbal Reports versus Behavior | |
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| A Defense of Quantitative Research | |
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| Participant Observation | |
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| Types of Participant Observation | |
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| Characteristics of Participant Observation | |
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| Objectivity in Research | |
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| "Going Native" | |
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| General Procedures in Participant Observation | |
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| Field Notes | |
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| Mnemonics | |
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| Caution in Use of Other Recording Methods | |
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| Tips on Participant Observation | |
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| Gaining Access | |
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| American Skinheads | |
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| Gatekeepers | |
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| Announcement of Intentions | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Reciprocity and Protection of Identity | |
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| Concern for Accuracy | |
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| Examples of Participant Observation | |
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| Islands in the Streets | |
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| This Thing of Darkness: A Participant Observation Study of Idaho Christian Patriots | |
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| Advantages of Participant Observation | |
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| Disadvantages of Participant Observation | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Life History/Oral History | |
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| Some Examples of Case Studies | |
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| Journalistic Field Studies | |
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| Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics | |
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| Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods | |
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| Physical Trace Analysis | |
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| Use of Available Data and Archives | |
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| Secondary Analysis | |
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| Personal Documents and Biographies | |
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| Examples of Secondary Analysis | |
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| Automated Pin Mapping: Applied Criminal Justice Research Using GIS for Crime Analysis | |
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| Street Gang Crime in Chicago | |
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| Limitations of Official Data | |
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| Measuring Hidden Populations | |
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| Historical and Archival Data | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| Content Analysis by Computer | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Applied Criminal Justice Research: Hotspot Analysis | |
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| Sources of Existing Data | |
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| X-Files at the Federal Bureau of Investigation | |
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| National Archive of Criminal Justice Data | |
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| Observation | |
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| Disguised Observation | |
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| Simulations | |
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| Advantages of Unobtrusive Measures | |
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| Disadvantages of Unobtrusive Measures | |
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| Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies | |
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| Error in Research | |
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| Reasons for Lack of Validation Studies in Criminal Justice | |
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| Ways of Determining Validity | |
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| Face Validity | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| Pragmatic Validity | |
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| Convergent-Discriminant Validation/Triangulation | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Test-Retest | |
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| Multiple Forms | |
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| Split-Half Technique | |
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| Mythical Numbers | |
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| Phantom Army of Addicts | |
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| Adam (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program) | |
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| Adam | |
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| Other Examples of Research Validation | |
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| Scaling and Index Construction | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Score Yourself General Attitude/Knowledge Survey | |
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| Scaling Procedures | |
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| Arbitrary Scales | |
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| The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale | |
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| Attitude Scales | |
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| Thurstone Scales | |
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| Likert Scales | |
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| Guttman Scales | |
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| Other Scaling Procedures | |
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| Q Sort | |
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| Semantic Differential | |
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| Other Variations | |
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| Crime Seriousness Scales | |
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| Sellin-Wolfgang Index | |
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| Types of Crime Seriousness Scales | |
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| Prediction Scales | |
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| The Salient Factor Score | |
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| Greenwood's "Rand Seven-Factor Index" | |
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| Career Criminal Programs | |
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| Advantages of Scales | |
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| Disadvantages of Scales | |
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| Data Analysis: Coding, Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation | |
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| Variables List | |
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| Computers | |
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| Data Management | |
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| Editing | |
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| Coding | |
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| Coder Monitoring | |
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| Keyboard Entry | |
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| Data Verification | |
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| Simple Data Presentation | |
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| Rates | |
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| Proportions | |
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| Percentages | |
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| Ratios | |
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| The Frequency Distribution | |
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| Graphic Presentations | |
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| Pie Charts | |
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| Bar Graphs | |
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| Frequency Polygons (Line Charts) | |
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| Crime Clocks | |
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| Table Reading | |
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| Why Bother with Tables? | |
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| What to Look for in a Table | |
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| Steps in Reading a Table | |
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| Summary of Table 11.3 | |
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| How to Construct Tables | |
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| Presentation of Complex Data | |
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| General Rules for Percentaging a Table | |
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| Improper Percentaging | |
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| Elaboration | |
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| Lying with Statistics | |
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| Data Analysis: A User's Guide to Statistics | |
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| Why Study Statistics? | |
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| Types of Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency for a Simple Distribution | |
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| Mode | |
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| Median | |
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| Mean | |
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| Measures of Dispersion | |
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| Range | |
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| Standard Deviation ([sigma]) | |
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| Standard Deviation Units (Z Scores) | |
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| Chi-Square (X[superscript 2]) | |
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| Calculation of Chi-Square | |
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| Cautions | |
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| Chi-Square-Based Measures of Association | |
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| Phi Coefficient ([phi]) and Phi-Square ([phi superscript 2]) | |
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| Contingency Coefficient (C) | |
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| Cramer's V | |
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| Nature and Types of Statistics | |
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| Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Null Hypothesis | |
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| Tests of Significance | |
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| The t Test (Difference of Means Test) | |
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| Types of t Tests | |
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| Anova (Analysis of Variance) | |
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| Calculation of ANOVA | |
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| Other Measures of Relationship | |
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| The Concept of Relationship | |
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| Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r) | |
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| Interpretation of Pearson's r | |
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| Calculation of Pearson's r | |
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| Statistical Significance of Pearson's r | |
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| Regression | |
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| Ordinal Level Measures of Relationship | |
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| Spearman's Rho (r[subscript s]) | |
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| Interpretation of Rho | |
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| Gamma | |
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| Multivariate Analysis | |
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| Partial Correlation | |
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| Multiple Correlation and Regression | |
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| Statistical Software | |
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| Caveat Emptor | |
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| The Ecological Fallacy | |
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| Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research | |
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| Policy Analysis | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Policy Experiments | |
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| Policy Analysis: The Case of the National Institute of Justice Research Program | |
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| NIJ Mission Statement | |
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| NIJ Research Priorities | |
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| A Systems Model of Evaluation Research | |
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| Types of Evaluation Research | |
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| Will the Findings Be Used? | |
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| Is the Project Evaluable? | |
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| Who Can Do This Work? | |
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| Steps in Evaluation Research | |
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| Problem Formulation | |
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| Design of Instruments | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Utilization | |
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| What Works in Criminal Justice? | |
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| Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising | |
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| Obstacles to Evaluation Research | |
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| Researchers and Host Agencies | |
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| How to Write the Research Report | |
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| Table of Random Numbers | |
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| Statistics: An Addendum to Chapter 12 | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data | |
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| Standard Deviations for Grouped Data | |
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| Raw Score Approach | |
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| Deviation Score Approach | |
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| Calculation of Anova | |
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| Regression Calculations | |
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| A Test of Significance for Gamma | |
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| Answers to Pop Quizzes in Chapter 12 | |
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| Normal Curve Areas | |
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| Distribution of Chi-Square (X[superscript 2]) | |
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| Proposal Writing and Evaluation | |
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| Proposal Writing | |
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| Funding Agencies | |
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| Grantsmanship | |
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| Basic Elements of a Proposal | |
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| NIJ Proposal Format and Content | |
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| Evaluation of Research Proposals | |
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| NIJ Evaluation of Proposals | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |