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| Preface | |
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| Religion and Common Life in the Pre-Islamic Near East | |
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| Early Civilizations and the Origins of Judaism and Christianity | |
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| Egypt the Land | |
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| Mesopotamia the Land | |
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| The Origins of Judaism | |
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| Abraham | |
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| Moses | |
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| Later Religious Development | |
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| The Prophets | |
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| From Ancient Israelite Religion to Judaism | |
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| Awaiting God's Messiah | |
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| Jesus of Nazareth | |
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| Paul | |
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| Christianity | |
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| Christianity and Judaism | |
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| Pre-Islamic Arabia: Beliefs, Values, Way of Life | |
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| Pre-Islamic Arabia: Beliefs, Values, Way of Life | |
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| Social Structure and Economy | |
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| Poetry | |
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| Pre-Islamic Religion | |
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| The Coming of Islam: The Prophet, His People, and God's Religion | |
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| Muhammad and the Early Muslim Community | |
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| Before Muhammad | |
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| Muhammad the Person | |
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| Muhammad the Prophet | |
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| The Qur'an | |
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| The First Muslims | |
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| The Development of Islam | |
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| The Qur'an's Divine Message | |
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| The Hijra | |
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| Muhammad's Later Life | |
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| Muhammad's Personal Life | |
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| The Arab Conquests and Islamic Rule: The Struggle for a Unified Umma | |
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| Muhammad's Heirs | |
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| The Muslims' Foreign Conquests | |
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| Early Muslim Governments and the Spread of the Umma | |
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| Two Approaches to Politics and Rule | |
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| The Spread of the Islamic Empire | |
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| The Abbasids | |
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| Other Muslim Peoples | |
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| Islam's Achievements | |
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| The Islamic Religious System | |
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| The Basic Beliefs and Worship Practices of Islam | |
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| The Five Doctrines of Islamic Faith | |
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| The Five Acts of Worship | |
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| Purification | |
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| Ritual Impurity | |
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| The Pillars of Islam | |
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| The Nature and Function of the Qur'an | |
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| Language, Format, and Chronology | |
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| Recitation and Ritual Observances | |
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| Contents and Nature of the Qur'an | |
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| Interpretation of the Qur'an | |
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| The "Inimitability" of the Qur'an | |
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| The Prophet's Sunna as Preserved in the Hadith | |
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| Muhammad and Scripture | |
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| The Form of the Hadith | |
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| Major Collections of Hadith | |
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| The Prophet's and His Companions' Sunnas | |
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| Muhammad as an Ideal Human | |
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| Muslim Creeds and Theologies: Their Purposes and Varieties | |
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| Theology | |
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| Islamic Theology | |
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| Theological Issues | |
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| The Place of Reason | |
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| The Mu'tazilite Rationalists | |
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| Mu'tazilite Thought | |
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| Three Muslim Creeds | |
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| Orthodox Kalam and the Challenge of Philosophy | |
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| Law and the State in Classical Islamic Formulations | |
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| Islam as a Way of Life | |
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| The Shari'a and Fiqh | |
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| The Qur'an and the Law | |
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| The Legal Scholars | |
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| Schools of Law | |
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| The Five Principles | |
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| Sunni Law Schools | |
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| Shi'i Law Schools | |
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| Islamic Political Institutions: Forms, Functions, and Theories | |
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| The Sufi Way of Mysticism and Fellowship | |
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| Islamic Mysticism and the Disciplines of Esoteric Piety | |
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| Sufism | |
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| Asceticism in Early Islamic Contexts | |
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| Sufi Symbolism | |
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| Sufism as an Esoteric Discipline: The Tariqa or Way | |
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| Al-Junayd and Sober Sufism | |
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| Antinomian Sufism | |
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| Intoxicated Sufism: Al-Hallaj | |
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| States and Stations | |
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| Al-Ghazali and the Reconciliation of Shari'a and Tariqa | |
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| Masters and Disciples: The Forms and Functions of Sufi Orders | |
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| The Rise of Sufi Orders | |
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| Shaykhs and Faqirs: The Master-Disciple Relationship | |
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| The Qadiri Order: Islam's Major International Sufi Brotherhood | |
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| Other Classic Sufi Orders | |
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| Jalal al-Din al-Rumi and the Mawlawis | |
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| Rumi's Poetry | |
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| The Silsila or Spiritual Lineage | |
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| Dhikr and Sama': Remembrance and the Spiritual Concert | |
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| Sufi Theosophy: The Thought of Ibn 'Arabi | |
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| Patterns of Islamic Personal and Communal Life | |
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| The Islamic Life Cycle and the Family | |
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| Islamic Domestic Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs | |
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| Rites of Infancy and Childhood | |
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| Marriage (Nikah) | |
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| Divorce (Talaq) | |
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| Inheritance | |
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| Property | |
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| Interest | |
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| Family Life | |
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| Food and Eating Habits | |
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| Clothing, Ornamentation, and Toilet | |
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| Death Rituals | |
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| Mourning Customs | |
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| Ideals and Realities of Islamic Community Life | |
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| The Closeness of the Community | |
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| The Mosque | |
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| The Marketplace | |
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| Public Behavior | |
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| Recreation | |
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| Official Islam | |
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| Popular Islam | |
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| The Veneration of Saints | |
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| Distinctive Shi'i Ritual Practices | |
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| Islam in the Modern World | |
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| Major Movements and Trends in Renewal and Reform | |
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| Three Phases of Islamic History | |
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| The Wahhabis | |
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| Other Reform Movements | |
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| Some Modernist Thinkers | |
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| Islam and Nationalism | |
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| Three Forms of Islamic Revival: "Fundamentalism," Feminism, and Establishing the Umma in North America | |
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| Fundamentalism | |
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| Islam and the Status of Women | |
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| Islam and Muslims in North America | |
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| Whither Islam and the Muslims? Progressive Muslims with a Vision of an "Islam without Borders" | |
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| "Westoxication" | |
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| Modernity and Westernization in the Post-9/11 World | |
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| Progressive Muslims | |
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| Progressive Assertiveness | |
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| An Iranian Shi'ite Muslim's Voice in Human Rights and Rational Discourse | |
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| Muslim Women Scholar-Activists | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Index | |