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| Foreword | |
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| Executive Summary | |
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| Introduction | |
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| How has the Internet changed the nature of threats to privacy? What are the main throats in the digital age? | |
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| New types or personal information | |
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| Collection and location of personal information | |
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| New capacities for private actors to analyse personal information | |
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| New capacities for governments to analyse personal information | |
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| New opportunities for commercial use of personal data | |
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| Global Overview of Challenges and Opportunities for Privacy Protection on the Internet | |
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| Key issues | |
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| Challenges and opportunities for maintaining control over personal data online | |
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| Initiatives to protect privacy and anonymity online | |
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| The roles and responsibilities of service providers and intermediaries | |
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| Specific challenges posed by different applications, communications platforms and business models | |
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| Cloud computing | |
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| Search engines | |
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| Social networks | |
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| Mobile phones, smartphones and the mobile Internet | |
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| Unique citizen Identifiers and eGovernment initiatives | |
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| Threats posed by different mechanisms of surveillance and data collection | |
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| User identification - unique identifiers, cookies and other forms of user identification | |
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| Adware, spyware and malware conduct covert data logging and surveillance | |
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| Deep packet Inspection (DPI) | |
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| Pervasive geo-location technology: an emerging threat to Internet privacy | |
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| Data processing and facial recognition | |
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| Internet surveillance technology | |
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| The Global Legal and Regulatory Environment for Protection of Privacy | |
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| international protection for privacy and personal data | |
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| Privacy | |
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| Data protection | |
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| National protection for privacy | |
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| China | |
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| India | |
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| Egypt | |
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| France | |
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| Argentina | |
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| Mexico | |
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| United States of America | |
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| Nigeria | |
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| South Africa | |
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| Corporate initiatives | |
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| Conclusions - Intersections between Privacy and Freedom of Expression | |
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| The impact of poor protection for privacy on freedom of expression | |
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| Tensions between freedom of expression and privacy | |
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| The public interest | |
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| Privacy vs. data protection | |
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| Scope of protection and jurisdiction | |
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| Court Information | |
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| Policy Recommendations | |
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| Legal and regulatory measures | |
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| Constitutional measures | |
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| Civil law protection | |
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| Criminal law protection | |
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| Data protection systems | |
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| Corporate policy and practice | |
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| Awareness raising | |
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| Useful Resources | |
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| General | |
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| Africa | |
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| Arab states | |
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| Asia and the Pacific | |
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| Latin America and the Caribbean | |
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| Europe and North America | |
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| Gender | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Abbreviations and Acronyms | |
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| List of Figures and Boxes | |