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| Preface | |
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| The Nature of Sound and the Structure and Function of the Auditory System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Physical Characteristics of Sounds | |
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| The Nature of Sound | |
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| Fourier Analysis and Spectral Representations | |
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| The Measurement of Sound Level | |
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| Beats | |
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| The Concept of Linearity | |
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| Filters and Their Properties | |
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| Headphones | |
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| Basic Structure and Function of the Auditory System | |
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| The Outer and Middle Ear | |
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| The Inner Ear and the Basilar Membrane | |
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| The Transduction Process and the Hair Cells | |
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| Otoacoustic Emissions | |
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| Neural Responses in the Auditory Nerve | |
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| Spontaneous Spike Rates and Thresholds | |
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| Tuning Curves and Iso-Rate Contours | |
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| Rate versus Level Functions | |
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| Neural Excitation Patterns | |
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| Phase Locking | |
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| Two-Tone Suppression | |
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| Phase Locking to Complex Sounds | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Neural Responses at Higher Levels in the Auditory System | |
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| General Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Resources | |
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| Absolute Thresholds | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Absolute Thresholds for Long-Duration Tones | |
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| The Audiogram and Hearing Loss | |
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| Temporal Integration and Multiple Looks | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Frequency Selectivity, Masking, and the Critical Band | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Critical Band Concept and the Power Spectrum Model | |
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| Estimating the Shape of the Auditory Filter | |
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| Psychophysical Tuning Curves | |
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| The Notched-Noise Method | |
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| Other Phenomena Reflecting Auditory Filtering | |
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| The Threshold of Complex Sounds | |
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| Two-Tone Masking | |
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| Sensitivity to Phase and the Critical Modulation Frequency | |
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| The Audibility of Partials in Complex Tones | |
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| Interim Summary | |
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| Some General Observations on Auditory Filters | |
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| Masking Patterns and Excitation Patterns | |
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| The Nature of the Auditory Filter and Mechanisms of Masking | |
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| The Origin of the Auditory Filter | |
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| Temporal Effects | |
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| The Mechanism of Masking-Swamping or Suppression? | |
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| The Neural Code Used for Signal Detection | |
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| Comodulation Masking Release: Spectrotemporal Pattern Analysis in Hearing | |
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| Initial Demonstrations of Comodulation Masking Release | |
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| The Role of Within-Channel Cues | |
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| Factors Influencing the Magnitude of CMR | |
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| Models to Explain CMR | |
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| Experimental Tests of the Models | |
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| General Implications of CMR | |
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| Profile Analysis | |
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| Nonsimultaneous Masking | |
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| Evidence for Suppression from Nonsimultaneous Masking | |
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| Informational Masking | |
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| Frequency Selectivity in Impaired Hearing | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Appendix: Signal Detection Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Basic Idea of Signal Detection Theory | |
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| Further Resources | |
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| The Perception of Loudness | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Loudness Level and Equal-Loudness Contours | |
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| The Scaling of Loudness | |
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| Models of Loudness | |
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| The Effect of Bandwidth on Loudness | |
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| Temporal Integration of Loudness | |
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| The Detection of Intensity Changes and the Coding of Loudness | |
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| The Dynamic Range of the Auditory System | |
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| Weber's Law | |
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| The Near Miss to Weber's Law | |
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| Loudness Adaptation, Fatigue, and Damage Risk | |
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| Post-Stimulatory Auditory Fatigue | |
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| Auditory Adaptation | |
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| Abnormalities of Loudness Perception in Impaired Hearing | |
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| Loudness Recruitment | |
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| Pathological Adaptation | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Further Resources | |
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| Temporal Processing in the Auditory System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Temporal Resolution Measured by the Discrimination of Stimuli with Identical Magnitude Spectra: Broadband Sounds | |
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| The Detection of Gaps in Broadband Noise | |
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| The Discrimination of Time-Reversed Signals | |
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| Temporal Modulation Transfer Functions | |
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| Temporal Resolution Measured by the Discrimination of Stimuli with Identical Magnitude Spectra: Effects of Center Frequency | |
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| Measurement of Temporal Resolution Using Narrowband Sounds | |
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| Detection of Gaps in Bands of Noise | |
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| Detection of Gaps in Sinusoids | |
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| Temporal Modulation Transfer Functions for Sinusoidal Carriers | |
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| Modeling Temporal Resolution | |
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| Bandpass Filtering | |
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| The Nonlinearity | |
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| The Sliding Temporal Integrator | |
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| The Decision Device | |
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| Characterizing the Nonlinear Device and the Sliding Temporal Integrator | |
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| A Modulation Filler Bank? | |
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| Masking in the Modulation Domain with Broadband Carriers | |
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| Forward Masking In the Modulation Domain | |
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| The Ability to Hear Out Component AM | |
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| TMTFs Obtained Using Narrowband Noise Carriers | |
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| Modulation Detection Interference | |
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| Accounting for TMTFs with a Modulation Filter Bank | |
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| Duration Discrimination | |
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| Temporal Analysis Based on Across-Channel Processes | |
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| The Discrimination of Huffman Sequences | |
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| Detection of Onset and Offset Asynchrony in Multicomponent Complexes | |
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| Judgment of Temporal Order | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Pitch Perception | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theories of Pitch Perception | |
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| The Perception of the Pitch of Pure Tones | |
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| The Frequency Discrimination of Pure Tones | |
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| The Perception of Musical Interval | |
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| The Variation of Pitch with Level | |
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| The Stretched Octave | |
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| The Scaling of Pitch and the Mel Scale | |
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| General Conclusions on the Pitch Perception of Pure Tones | |
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| The Pitch Perception of Complex Tones | |
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| Pattern Recognition Models | |
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| Temporal Models | |
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| Experimental Evidence Relevant to the Pattern Recognition and Temporal Models | |
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| The "Existence Region" of the Tonal Residue | |
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| The Principle of Dominance | |
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| Evidence for the Role of Central Mechanisms in the Perception of Complex Tones | |
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| Is Resolvability Sufficient for Good Pitch Perception? | |
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| Pitches Based Purely upon Timing Information | |
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| A Schematic Model for the Pitch Perception of Complex Tones | |
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| The Perception of Pitch in Music | |
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| Musical Intervals, Musical Scales, and Consonance | |
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| Absolute Pitch | |
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| The Pitch of Vibrato Tones | |
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| Pitch Discrimination Interference | |
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| General Summary | |
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| Further Resources | |
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| Space Perception | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Localization and Lateralization of Pure Tones | |
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| Cues for Localization | |
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| Performance in Localization and Lateralization Tasks | |
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| Binaural Beats | |
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| The Lateralization of Complex Sounds | |
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| The Acuity of Lateralizing Transients | |
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| Acuity as a Function of Frequency and the Use of Envelopes | |
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| Onset Disparities versus Ongoing Disparities | |
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| Time-Intensity Trading | |
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| Binaural Adaptation | |
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| Binaural Interference | |
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| Across-Frequency Integration and the Effect of Bandwidth | |
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| The Cone of Confusion and the Role of Head Movements | |
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| Monaural Localization, the Role of the Pinnae and HRTFs | |
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| The Precedence Effect | |
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| General Conclusions on Sound Localization | |
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| Binaural Masking Level Differences | |
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| The Sluggishness of the Binaural System | |
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| Models of Binaural Processing | |
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| The Influence of Vision on Auditory Localization | |
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| The Perception of Distance | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Further Resources | |
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| Auditory Pattern and Object Perception | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Timbre Perception and Object Identification | |
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| Time-invariant Patterns | |
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| Time-varying Patterns | |
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| Information Used to Separate Auditory Objects | |
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| Fundamental Frequency and Spectral Regularity | |
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| Onset Disparities | |
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| Contrast with Previous Sounds | |
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| Correlated Changes in Amplitude or Frequency | |
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| Sound Location | |
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| The Perception of Sequences of Sounds | |
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| Stream Segregation | |
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| Judgment of Temporal Order | |
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| General Principles of Perceptual Organization | |
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| Similarity | |
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| Good Continuation | |
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| Common Fate | |
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| Disjoint Allocation | |
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| Closure | |
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| The Figure-ground Phenomenon and Attention | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Further Resources | |
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| Speech Perception | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Speech Sounds | |
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| Units of Speech | |
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| Speech Production and Speech Acoustics | |
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| Speech Perception-What is Special about Speech? | |
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| The Rate at Which Speech Sounds Occur | |
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| The Variable Nature of Acoustic Cues | |
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| Categorical Perception | |
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| Evidence for Brain Specialization | |
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| Evidence for a Speech Mode from Sine Wave Speech and Other Phenomena | |
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| Duplex Perception | |
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| Cue Trading | |
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| Audiovisual Integration | |
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| Interim Summary of Work on the Special Nature of Speech Perception | |
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| Models of Speech Perception | |
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| The Motor Theory | |
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| Invariant Feature or Cue-Based Approaches | |
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| The TRACE Model | |
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| The Search for Invariant Acoustic Cues and the Multiplicity of Cues | |
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| Envelope Cues and Temporal Fine Structure Cues | |
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| The Resistance of Speech to Corrupting Influences | |
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| Informational Masking of Speech | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Practical Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Applications of Psychoacoustic Research in the Alleviation of Hearing Loss | |
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| Hearing Aid Design | |
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| Hearing Aid Fitting | |
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| Cochlear Implants | |
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| The Psychoacoustics of Hi-Fi Sound Reproduction | |
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| The Interpretation of Specifications | |
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| Amplifiers | |
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| Loudspeakers | |
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| Compact Disc Players and Other Digital Systems | |
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| Perceptual Coders | |
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| Loudspeaker Cables and Optical Cables | |
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| The Evaluation of Concert Hall Acoustics | |
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| General Summary and Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |