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Preface to the fourth edition | |
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From the Preface to the first edition | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Reading plan | |
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The physics and analysis of sound | |
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The nature of sound | |
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The decibel scale | |
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Impedance | |
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The analysis of sound | |
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Linearity | |
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Summary | |
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The outer and middle ears | |
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The outer ear | |
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The pressure gain of the outer ear | |
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The outer ear as an aid to sound localization | |
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The middle ear | |
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Introduction | |
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The middle ear as an impedance transformer | |
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The middle ear muscles | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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The cochlea | |
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Anatomy | |
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General anatomy | |
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The organ of Corti | |
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The innervation of the organ of Corti | |
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The mechanics of the cochlea | |
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The travelling wave | |
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Current measurements of the travelling wave | |
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Theories of cochlear mechanics | |
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The fluid spaces of the cochlea | |
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The endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces | |
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The endolymph | |
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The perilymph | |
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Hair cell responses | |
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Hair cell responses in vitro | |
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Inner hair cell responses in vivo | |
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Outer hair cell responses in vivo | |
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The gross evoked potentials | |
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The cochlear microphonic | |
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The summating potential | |
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The gross neural potentials | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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The auditory nerve | |
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Anatomy | |
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Physiology | |
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Response to tones | |
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Response to clicks | |
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Frequency resolution as a function of intensity and type of stimulation | |
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Response to complex stimuli | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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Mechanisms of transduction and excitation in the cochlea | |
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Introduction | |
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The structure of the transducer region | |
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Stereocilia and cuticular plate | |
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The cross-linking of stereocilia | |
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The mechanotransducer channels | |
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The electrophysiological analysis of mechanotransduction | |
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Cell membrane potentials | |
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Mechanotransduction | |
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The origin of sharp tuning in the cochlea | |
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Is an active process necessary theoretically? | |
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Models incorporating an active mechanical process | |
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Outer hair cells: needed for low thresholds and sharp tuning | |
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Active mechanical processes in the cochlea: cochlear emissions | |
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Motility in outer hair cells | |
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Cochlear micromechanics | |
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Conclusions on cochlear mechanical amplification | |
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Hair cells and neural excitation | |
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Stimulus coupling to inner and outer hair cells | |
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Activation of auditory nerve fibres | |
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Neurotransmitter release | |
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Cochlear non-linearity | |
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The non-linear growth of cochlear responses | |
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Two-tone suppression | |
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Combination tones | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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The subcortical nuclei | |
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Considerations in studying the auditory central nervous system | |
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The cochlear nuclei | |
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Output pathways | |
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Input pathways | |
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The ventral binaural sound localization stream: the bushy cells of the anteroventral and posteroventral cochlear nucleus | |
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Cells of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus: contributions to both binaural localization and to identification | |
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The dorsal cochlear nucleus: sound identification and localization in the vertical plane | |
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Excitation and inhibition in the cochlear nucleus | |
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Functions of the cochlear nucleus | |
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The superior olivary complex | |
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Innervation and overall anatomy | |
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The ventral sound localization stream: comparing the intensities of the stimuli at the two ears | |
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The ventral sound localization stream: comparing the timing of the stimuli at the two ears | |
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Summary of role of superior olivary complex in sound localization | |
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Ascending pathways of the brainstem and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus | |
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The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus | |
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The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus | |
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The inferior colliculus | |
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General anatomy | |
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The central nucleus | |
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The external nucleus and dorsal cortex | |
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The medial geniculate body | |
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Overall anatomy and inputs | |
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The ventral nucleus | |
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The medial and dorsal nuclei | |
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Brainstem reflexes | |
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Middle ear muscle reflex | |
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Acoustic startle | |
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Orientation | |
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Audiogenic seizures | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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The auditory cortex | |
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Organization | |
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Anatomy and projections | |
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Tonotopic organization | |
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Organization along the frequency-band strips | |
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The responses of single neurones | |
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Responses in the core | |
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Responses in the belt | |
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Cortical processing of sound location | |
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Behavioural experiments | |
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Electrophysiological responses | |
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Cortical processing and stimulus complexity | |
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Behavioural experiments | |
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Physiological responses | |
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Overview of functions of the auditory cortex | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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The centrifugal pathways | |
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Introduction | |
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The olivocochlear bundle | |
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Anatomy | |
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Neurotransmitters | |
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Physiology and function | |
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Centrifugal pathways to the cochlear nuclei | |
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Anatomy | |
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Neurotransmitters | |
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Physiology and function | |
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Centrifugal pathways in higher centres | |
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Anatomy | |
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Physiology and function | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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Physiological correlates of auditory psychophysics and performance | |
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Introduction | |
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The absolute threshold | |
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Frequency resolution | |
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A review of the psychophysics of frequency resolution | |
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Quantitative relations between psychophysics and physiology in frequency resolution | |
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Frequency resolution in the auditory central nervous system | |
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Co-modulation masking release: analysis across fitters | |
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Frequency discrimination | |
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Place and time coding | |
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A psychophysical model for pitch perception and its relation to physiology | |
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Intensity and loudness | |
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Stimulus coding as a function of intensity | |
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Loudness | |
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Sound localization and spatial hearing | |
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Introduction | |
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Mechanisms of sound localization | |
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Spatial release from masking and the binaural masking level difference | |
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Speech | |
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What is special about speech? | |
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Auditory nerve and brainstem responses | |
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Cortical responses to vocalizations in non-human species | |
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Responses to speech in the human cortex | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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Sensorineural hearing loss | |
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Types of hearing loss | |
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Sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin: mechanisms of pathology | |
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Ototoxicity | |
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Acoustic trauma | |
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Genetic causes | |
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Ageing | |
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Sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin: functional changes | |
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Physiological changes | |
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Psychophysical correlates | |
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Physiological aspects of the cochlear prosthesis | |
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Introduction | |
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Physiological background | |
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Results | |
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Cellular replacement, protection and gene therapy in the inner ear | |
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Introduction | |
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Production of new hair cells by transdifferentiation of supporting cells | |
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Production of new hair cells by mitosis in the mammalian cochlea | |
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Gene therapy | |
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Stem cell therapy | |
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Cell protection | |
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Summary | |
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Further reading | |
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References | |
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Index | |