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| High-Resolution Optical and Confocal Microscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction to Theoretical Considerations in High-Resolution Microscopy | |
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| Introduction to Confocal Microscopy | |
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| Electromagnetic Scattering in Optical Systems | |
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| 3D-Intensity Distribution in the Focus | |
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| Large Aperture Angles | |
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| Transition to Small Aperture Angles | |
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| Theory of Image Formation | |
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| Microscope | |
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| Confocal Microscope | |
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| Confocal Raman Microscope | |
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| Image Formation for Light Scattering | |
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| Scattering Point | |
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| Reflection at a Mirror | |
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| Image Formation for Raman Scattering | |
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| Raman Emitting Point | |
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| Raman Emission of a Layer | |
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| Pinhole Size | |
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| References | |
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| Introduction to the Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classical Picture of Light Scattering | |
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| Frequency Dependence of Raman Scattering | |
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| Classical "Selection Rule" and Comparison to Ir Absorption | |
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| Scattered Raman Intensity | |
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| Shortfalls of the Classical Picture | |
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| Raman Cross-Section Enhancement Mechanisms | |
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| Resonant Raman Scattering | |
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| Advantages and Applications of Resonance Raman Scattering | |
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| Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | |
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| References | |
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| Raman Instrumentation for Confocal Raman Microscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Development of Raman Microscopes | |
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| Confocality | |
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| Throughput of a Confocal Raman Microscope | |
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| Laser Wavelength | |
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| Excitation Power | |
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| Objective | |
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| Microscope Throughput | |
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| Coupling Between Microscope and Spectrometer | |
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| Spectrometer Throughput | |
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| Gratings | |
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| Ccd Detector | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Software Requirements and Data Analysis in Confocal Raman Microscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Requirements for Data Acquisition Software | |
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| Data Acquisition | |
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| Correlation of Spatial and Spectral Data | |
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| Description of the Data Sets Acquired in Confocal Raman Microscopy | |
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| Pre-processing of Raman Spectra | |
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| Cosmic Ray Removal | |
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| Smoothing | |
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| Background Substraction and Subtraction of Reference Spectra | |
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| Image Generation | |
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| Univariate Image Generation | |
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| Multivariate Image Generation | |
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| Image Masks and Selective Average Calculation | |
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| Combination of Single Spectra with Multi-spectral Data Sets | |
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| Basis Spectra | |
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| Fitting Procedure | |
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| Combination of Various Images | |
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| The Law of Numbers | |
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| Materials and Methods | |
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| References | |
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| Nano-spectroscopy of Individual Carbon Nanotubes and Isolated Graphene Sheets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Individual Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Phonons | |
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| Theory | |
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| Experiment | |
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| Microscopy | |
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| Thermography | |
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| Isolated Graphene Sheets | |
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| Theory | |
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| Experiment | |
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| Charge Distributions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Raman Spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Imaging in Mineralogy and Petrography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging as a Mineralogy/Petrography Tool | |
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| Working with Thin Sections | |
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| Control of Laser Power | |
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| "Raman Mineralogy" Using Imaging Raman Techniques | |
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| Mineral Phase Imaging | |
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| Crystallographic Orientation Imaging | |
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| Phase Composition Imaging | |
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| Examples of "Raman Petrography" Applications | |
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| Raman Analysis of Shocked Minerals | |
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| Contextual Imaging of Carbonaceous Materials | |
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| Fluid Inclusions | |
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| Ancient Terrestrial Carbonaceous Materials | |
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| Raman Mineralogy in Field Geology. Studies | |
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| Extraterrestrial Exploration | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Raman Micro-spectral Imaging of Cells and Intracellular Drug Delivery Using Nanocarrier Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Method | |
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| Data Acquisition | |
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| Introduction to Data Processing Methods | |
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| Experimental | |
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| Results | |
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| Cell Imaging | |
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| Drug Delivery Systems | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vibrational Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Development | |
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| Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development | |
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| Chemical Imaging in Pharmaceutical Development | |
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| Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development | |
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| Applications of Confocal Raman Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development | |
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| Practical Considerations | |
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| Investigation of Solid Dosage Forms by Chemical Imaging | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Materials and Methods | |
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| References | |
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| Characterization of Therapeutic Coatings on Medical Devices | |
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| Background | |
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| Passive Therapeutic Coatings | |
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| Coating Thickness | |
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| Swelling of Hydrophilic Gel Coatings | |
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| Active Therapeutic Coatings | |
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| Coating Morphology | |
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| Drug Mixed with Single Polymer: Morphology and Elution | |
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| Drug Mixed with Two Polymers: Blending and Layering | |
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| Drug Mixed with Two Polymers: Exposure to Water | |
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| Drug Mixed with Biodegradable Polymer: Drug Elution with Polymer Degradation | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Raman Imaging of Plant Cell Walls | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Plant Cell Walls | |
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| Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Plant Fibers | |
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| Plant Cell Wall Imaging by Confocal Raman Microscopy | |
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| Imaging Cellulose Orientation and Lignin Distribution in Wooden Cell Walls | |
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| Silica and Cell Wall Composition in Horsetail | |
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| Outlook | |
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| Material and Methods | |
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| References | |
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| Confocal Raman Imaging of Polymeric Materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Raman Imaging of Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) | |
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| Raman Imaging of Polymer Blends | |
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| Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend: Polystyrene (PS)-Ethyl-Hexyl-Acrylate (EHA) | |
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| Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the PolymerBlend Ethyl-Hexyl-Acrylate (EHA)-Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Sbr) | |
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| Raman Imaging of Thin Films of the Polymer Blend Ps-Eha-Sbr | |
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| Polymer Coatings | |
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| Acrylic Paints | |
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| Adhesives | |
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| Additives in Polymer Matrices | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Stress Analysis by Means of Raman Microscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical Background | |
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| Measuring in Conventional Back-Scattering Configuration | |
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| Off-Axis Raman Spectroscopy | |
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| Stress Tensor Analysis in Back-Scattering Raman Microscopy | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| 3D Raman Spectroscopy Measurements | |
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| ZnO | |
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| The Influence of Stress on the Peak Position of Polymers | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |