| |
| |
| |
| Business Across Borders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of International Business | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Makes a Business Transaction "International"? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Transaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Entities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Six Forms of Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relational Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Developmental Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cultural Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Looking Forward | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gains from Trade | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparative Advantage in the Short Run | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparative Advantage in the Long Run | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Shoe Story and Economic Reality | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Comparative to Competitive Advantage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shoe Story II: Returns to Scale | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factor Advantages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factor Abundance | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Case of Cashmere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factor Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamics of Comparative Advantage | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trade Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Separation and the Distance Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Freight Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Travel and Communication Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Separation and the Border Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimated Border Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trade Policy Barriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Currency Conversion Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relational Separation and Transaction Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| INCO Terms | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trade Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| National Trade Policies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard Customs Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Import Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| The World Trade Organization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dumping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Developments in Antidumping Policy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antidumping Procedures in the US, EU, and Canada | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strategies for Coping with Antidumping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subsidies and Countervailing Duties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safeguards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disguised Protection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preferential Trade Agreements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The European Union | |
| |
| |
| |
| The North American Free Trade Agreement | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Market Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Levitt Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Adaptations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Developmental Adaptations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cultural Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditions and Imprinting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conformism and the Social Interaction Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Communication Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technical Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Costs of Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weighing the Benefits and Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pricing to Market | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multinational Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of Real World Multinational Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mercedes-Benz | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nestle's Food Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mattel's Barbie | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multinational "Business" Strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combining the Four Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multinational Corporate Strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forms for Two Vertically Related Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three Product Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Revisiting the Exemplars | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asset Heavy or Asset Light? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizing Business Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems with Spot Transactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationship-Specific Investment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Downstream Incentive Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Information Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reputation Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contracts Versus Internalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internal Allocation of Resources | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Competitive Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motivating Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| SUVs in the USA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Retail in China | |
| |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources of Strategic Complementarity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources of First-Mover Advantages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multinational Location Games | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foreign Exchange Risk | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exchange Rate Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Valuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parity (Price) Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium (Quantity) Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Responses to Exchange Rate Risk | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Risk | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understand Host-Country Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Catalogue Host-Country Policy Instruments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculate Host-Country Bargaining Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enhance the Firm's Own Strategic Position | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| International Taxation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jurisdiction: Who Taxes Whom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple Algebra of International Taxation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taxation of MNCs' Earnings from Abroad | |
| |
| |
| |
| Withholding Taxes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tax Reduction Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transfer Pricing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thin Capitalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tax Havens | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expatriate Assignment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Typical Features of Expatriate Assignments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expatriate Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection of Managers in Foreign Locations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Expats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Locals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strategy and Staffing | |