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List of Symbols | |
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Preface | |
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Problems of the Energy Economy | |
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Energy Economy | |
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Estimate of the Maximum Reserves of Fossil Energy | |
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The Greenhouse Effect | |
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Combustion | |
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The Temperature of the Earth | |
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Problems | |
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Photons | |
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Black-body Radiation | |
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Photon Density n� in a Cavity (Planck's Law of Radiation) | |
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Energy Current Through an Area dA into the Solid Angle d� | |
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Radiation from a Spherical Surface into the Solid Angle d� | |
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Radiation from a Surface Element into a Hemisphere (Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation Law) | |
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Kirchhoff's Law of Radiation for Nonblack Bodies | |
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Absorption by Semiconductors | |
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The Solar Spectrum | |
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Air Mass | |
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Concentration of the Solar Radiation | |
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The Abb� Sine Condition | |
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Geometrical Optics | |
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Concentration of Radiation Using the Sine Condition | |
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Maximum Efficiency of Solar Energy Conversion | |
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Problems | |
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Semiconductors | |
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Electrons in Semiconductors | |
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Distribution Function for Electrons | |
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Density of States De(Ee) for Electrons | |
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Density of Electrons | |
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Holes | |
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Doping | |
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Quasi-Fermi Distributions | |
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Fermi Energy and Electrochemical Potential | |
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Work Function | |
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Generation of Electrons and Holes | |
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Absorption of Photons | |
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Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs | |
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Recombination of Electrons and Holes | |
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Radiative Recombination, Emission of Photons | |
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Nonradiative Recombination | |
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Lifetimes | |
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Light Emission by Semiconductors | |
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Transition Rates and Absorption Coefficient | |
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Problems | |
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Conversion of Thermal Radiation into Chemical Energy | |
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Maximum Efficiency for the Production of Chemical Energy | |
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Problems | |
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Conversion of Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy | |
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Transport of Electrons and Holes | |
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Field Current | |
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Diffusion Current | |
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Total Charge Current | |
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Separation of Electrons and Holes | |
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Diffusion Length of Minority Carriers | |
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Dielectric Relaxation | |
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Ambipolar Diffusion | |
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Dember Effect | |
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Mathematical Description | |
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Problems | |
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Basic Structure of Solar Cells | |
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A Chemical Solar Cells | |
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Basic Mechanisms in Solar Cells | |
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Dye Solar Cell | |
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The pn-Junction | |
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Electrochemical Equilibrium of Electrons in a pn-Junction in the Dark | |
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Potential Distribution across a pn-Junction | |
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Current-Voltage Characteristic of the pn-Junction | |
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pn-Junction with Impurity Recombination, Two-diode Model | |
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Heterojunctions | |
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Semiconductor-Metal Contact | |
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Schottky Contact | |
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MIS Contact | |
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The Role of the Electric Field in Solar Cells | |
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Organic Solar Cells | |
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Excitons | |
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Structure of Organic Solar Cells | |
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Light Emitting Diodes (LED) | |
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Problems | |
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Limitations on Energy Conversion in Solar Cells | |
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Maximum Efficiency of Solar Cells | |
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Efficiency of Solar Cells as a Function of Their Energy Gap | |
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The Optimal Silicon Solar Cell | |
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Light Trapping | |
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Thin-film Solar Cells | |
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Minimal Thickness of a Solar Cell | |
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Equivalent Circuit | |
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Temperature Dependence of the Open-circuit Voltage | |
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Intensity Dependence of the Efficiency | |
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Efficiencies of the Individual Energy Conversion Processes | |
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Problems | |
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Concepts for Improving the Efficiency of Solar Cells | |
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Tandem Cells | |
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The Electrical Interconnection of Tandem Cells | |
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Concentrator Cells | |
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Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion | |
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Impact Ionization | |
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Hot Electrons from Impact Ionization | |
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Energy Conversion with Hot Electrons and Holes | |
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Two-step Excitation in Three-level Systems | |
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Impurity Photovoltaic Effect | |
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Up-and Down-conversion of Photons | |
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Problems | |
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Prospects for the Future | |
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Solutions | |
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Appendix | |
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References | |
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Index | |