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General Pharmacology | |
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History of Pharmacology | |
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The Idea | |
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The Impetus | |
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Early Beginnings | |
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Foundation | |
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Consolidation-General Recognition | |
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Status Quo | |
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Drug Sources | |
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Drug and Active Principle | |
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The Aims of Isolating Active Principles | |
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Plants as Sources of Effective Medicines | |
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Drug Development | |
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Congeneric Drugs and Name Diversity | |
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Drug Administration | |
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Oral Dosage Forms | |
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Drug Administration by Inhalation | |
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Dermatological Agents | |
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Skin Protection | |
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Dermatological Agents as Vehicles | |
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From Administration to Distribution in the Body | |
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Cellular Sites of Action | |
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Potential Targets of Drug Action | |
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Distribution in the Body | |
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External Barriers of the Body | |
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Blood-Tissue Barriers | |
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Membrane Permeation | |
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Drug Transporters | |
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Possible Modes of Drug Distribution | |
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Binding to Plasma Proteins | |
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Drug Elimination | |
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The Liver as an Excretory Organ | |
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Biotransformation of Drugs | |
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Drug Metabolism by Cytochrome P450 | |
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Enterohepatic Circulation | |
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Conjugation Reactions | |
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The Kidney as an Excretory Organ | |
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Presystemic Elimination | |
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Pharmacokinetics | |
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Drug Concentration in the Body as a Function of Time-First Order (Exponential) Rate Processes | |
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Time Course of Drug Concentration in Plasma | |
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Time Course of Drug Plasma Levels during Repeated Dosing | |
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Time Course of Drug Plasma Levels during Irregular Intake | |
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Accumulation: Dose, Dose Interval, and Plasma Level Fluctuation | |
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Change in Elimination Characteristics during Drug Therapy | |
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Quantification of Drug Action | |
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Dose-Response Relationship | |
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Concentration-Effect Relationship | |
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Concentration-Effect Curves | |
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Drug-Receptor Interaction | |
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Concentration-Binding Curves | |
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Types of Binding Forces | |
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Covalent Bonding | |
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Noncovalent Bonding | |
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Agonists-Antagonists | |
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Models of the Molecular Mechanism of Agonist/Antagonist Action | |
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Other Forms of Antagonism | |
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Enantioselectivity of Drug Action | |
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Receptor Types | |
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Mode of Operation of G-Protein- coupled Receptors | |
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Time Course of Plasma Concentration and Effect | |
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Adverse Drug Effects | |
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Adverse Drug Effects, Side Effects | |
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Causes of Adverse Effects | |
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Drug Allergy | |
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Cutaneous Reactions | |
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Drug Toxicity in Pregnancy and Lactation | |
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Genetic Variation of Drug Effects | |
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Pharmacogenetics | |
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Drug-independent Effects | |
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Placebo | |
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Systems Pharmacology | |
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Drugs Acting on the Sympathetic Nervous System | |
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Sympathetic Nervous System | |
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Structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System | |
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Adrenergic Synapse | |
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Adrenoceptor Subtypes and Catecholamine Actions | |
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Smooth Muscle Effects | |
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Cardiostimulation | |
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Metabolic Effects | |
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Receptor Desensitization | |
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Structure-Activity Relationships of Sympathomimetics | |
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Indirect Sympathomimetics | |
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�-Sympathomimetics, �-Sympatholytics | |
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�-Sympathomimetics | |
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�-Sympatholytics | |
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�-Sympatholytics | |
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Drugs Acting on the Parasympathetic Nervous System | |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System | |
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Cholinergic Synapse | |
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Parasympathomimetics | |
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Parasympatholytics | |
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Biogenic Amines | |
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Dopamine | |
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Histamine Effects and Their Pharmacological Properties | |
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Serotonin | |
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Occurrence and Functions | |
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Promoters of Serotonin Effects | |
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Serotonin Inhibitors | |
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Substance P | |
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Amino Acids | |
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Vasodilators | |
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Vasodilators-Overview | |
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Organic Nitrates | |
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Calcium Antagonists | |
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Dihydropyridine Derivatives | |
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Verapamil and Other Catamphiphilic Ca<sup>2+</sup> Antagonists | |
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Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | |
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Drugs Acting on Smooth Muscle | |
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Drugs Used to Influence Smooth-Muscle Organs | |
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Cardiac Drugs | |
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Cardiac Glycosides | |
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs | |
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Drugs for Selective Control of Sinoatrial and AV Nodes | |
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Nonspecific Drug Actions on Impulse Generation and Propagation | |
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Electrophysiological Actions of Antiarrhythmics of the Na<sup>+</sup> Channel-blocking Type | |
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Antianemics | |
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Drugs for the Treatment of Anemias | |
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Erythropoiesis | |
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Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> | |
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Folic Acid | |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia | |
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Antithrombotics | |
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Prophylaxis and Therapy of Thrombosis | |
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Vitamin K Antagonists and Vitamin K | |
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Possibilities for Interaction | |
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Heparin | |
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Hirudin and Derivatives | |
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Fibrinolytics | |
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Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation | |
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Presystemic Effect of ASA | |
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Plasma Volume Expanders | |
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Drugs Used in Hyperlipoproteinemias | |
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Lipid-lowering Agents | |
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Diuretics | |
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Diuretics-An Overview | |
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NaCl Reabsorption in the Kidney | |
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Aquaporins (AQP) | |
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Osmotic Diuretics | |
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Diuretics of the Sulfonamide Type | |
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Potassium-sparing Diuretics | |
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Vasopressin and Derivatives | |
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Water and Electrolyte Disorders | |
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Disorders of Na<sup>+</sup> Homeostasis | |
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Disorders of K<sup>+</sup> Homeostasis | |
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Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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Therapy of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers | |
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Treatment of Hyperacidity | |
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Laxatives | |
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Antidiarrheal Agents | |
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Drugs Affecting the Motor System | |
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Drugs Affecting Motor Function | |
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Central Muscle Relaxants and Toxins | |
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Muscle Relaxants | |
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Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants | |
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Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants | |
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Influencing the Contractile System | |
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Drugs for the Suppression of Pain (Analgesics) | |
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Pain Mechanisms and Pathways | |
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Eicosanoids | |
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Antipyretic Analgesics vs. NSAIDs | |
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Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | |
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Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibitors | |
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Local Anesthetics | |
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Opioids = Opiates | |
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Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System | |
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General Anesthesia and General Anesthetic Drugs | |
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Inhalational Anesthetics | |
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Injectable Anesthetics | |
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Benzodiazepines | |
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Benzodiazepine Antagonist | |
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Pharmacokinetics of Benzodiazepines | |
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Therapy of Depressive Illness | |
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Mania | |
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Agents to Treat Manic States | |
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Therapy of Schizophrenia | |
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Neuroleptics | |
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Hormones | |
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Hypothalamic and Hypophyseal Hormones | |
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Thyroid Hormone Therapy | |
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Hyperthyroidism and Antithyroid Drugs | |
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Glucocorticoid Therapy | |
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Replacement Therapy | |
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Pharmacodynamic Therapy with Glucocorticoids | |
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Androgens, Anabolic Steroids, Antiandrogens | |
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Inhibitory Principles | |
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Follicular Growth and Ovulation, Estrogen and Progestin Production | |
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Oral Contraceptives | |
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Antiestrogen and Antiprogestin Active Principles | |
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Aromatase Inhibitors | |
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Diabetes Mellitus | |
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Variations in Dosage Form | |
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Variation in Amino Acid Sequence | |
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Treatment of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus | |
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Undesirable Effects | |
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Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus | |
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Oral Antidiabetics | |
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Drugs for Maintaining Calcium Homestasis | |
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Antibacterial Drugs | |
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Drugs for Treating Bacterial Infections | |
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Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis | |
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Pore Formers | |
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Inhibitors of Tetrahydrofolate Synthesis | |
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Inhibitors of DNA Function | |
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Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis | |
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Drugs for Treating Mycobacterial Infections | |
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Antitubercular Drugs | |
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Antileprotic Drugs | |
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Antifungal Drugs | |
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Drugs Used in the Treatment of Fungal Infections | |
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Antiviral Drugs | |
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Pharmacotherapy of Viral Infections | |
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Drugs for the Treatment of HIV | |
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Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase-Nucleoside Agents | |
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Nonnucleoside Inhibitors | |
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HIV protease Inhibitors | |
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Reserve Drugs | |
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Antiparasitic Drugs | |
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Drugs for Treating Endoparasitic and Ectoparasitic Infestations | |
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Antimalarials | |
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Other Tropical Diseases | |
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Anticancer Drugs | |
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Chemotherapy of Malignant Tumors | |
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Interference with Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways | |
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Special Antineoplastic Drug Actions | |
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Mechanisms of Resistance to Cytostatics | |
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Immune Modulators | |
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Inhibition of Immune Responses | |
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Calcineurin Inhibitors, Sirolimus | |
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Antidotes | |
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Inhibitors of Leukocyte Migration | |
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Antidotes and Treatment of Poisonings | |
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�Recreational� Drugs | |
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Psychotomimetics (Psychedelics, Hallucinogens) | |
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Actions of Nicotine | |
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Localization of Nicotinic ACh Receptors | |
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Effects of Nicotine on Body Function | |
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Aids for Smoking Cessation | |
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Consequences of Tobacco Smoking | |
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Alcohol Abuse | |
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Therapy of Selected Diseases | |
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Hypertension | |
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Angina Pectoris | |
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Antianginal Drugs | |
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Acute Coronary Syndrome-Myocardial Infarction | |
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Congestive Heart Failure | |
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Septic Shock | |
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Antiparkinsonian Drugs | |
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Antiepileptics | |
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Treatment of Migraine | |
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Emesis | |
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Sleep Disorders and Hypnotics | |
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Local Treatment of Glaucoma | |
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Osteoporosis | |
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Gout | |
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Obesity-Sequelae and Therapeutic Approaches | |
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Atopy and Antiallergic Therapy | |
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Bronchial Asthma | |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease | |
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Further Reading | |
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Drug Indexes | |
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Trade Name/Drug Name | |
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Drug Name/Trade Name | |
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Subject Index | |