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| Preface | |
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| Why this Book is Necessary | |
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| Content of this Book | |
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| Editor's Acknowledgments | |
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| Addressing and Subnetting Basics | |
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| IP Address Basics | |
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| Classful Addressing-Structure and Size of Each Type | |
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| What Is a Network? | |
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| Class A | |
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| Class B | |
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| Class C | |
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| Address Assignments | |
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| Single Address per Interface | |
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| Multhomed Devices | |
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| Multinetting--Multiple Addresses per Interface | |
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| Examples | |
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| Purpose of Subnetting | |
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| The Basic Fixed-Length Mask | |
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| What the Mask Does | |
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| Components of a Mask | |
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| Binary Determination of Mask Values | |
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| Decimal Equivalent Mask Values | |
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| Creating Masks for Various Networking Problems | |
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| Addresses and Mask Interaction | |
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| Reserved and Restricted Addresses | |
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| Determining the Range of Addresses within Subnets | |
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| Determining Subnet Addresses Given a Single Address and Mask | |
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| Interpreting Masks | |
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| Reserved Addresses | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| Creating an Addressing Plan for Fixed-Length Mask Networks | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Determine Addressing Requirements | |
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| Review Your Internetwork Design | |
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| How Many Subnets Do You Need? | |
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| How Many IP Addresses Are Needed in Each Subnet? | |
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| What about Growth? | |
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| Choose the Proper Mask | |
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| Consult the Tables | |
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| Use Unnumbered Interfaces | |
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| Ask for a Bigger Block of Addresses | |
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| Router Tricks | |
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| Use Subnet Zero | |
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| Obtain IP Addresses | |
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| From Your Organization's Network Manager | |
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| From Your ISP | |
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| From Your Internet Registry | |
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| Calculate Ranges of IP Addresses for Each Subnet | |
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| Doing It the Hard Way | |
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| Worksheets | |
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| Subnet Calculators | |
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| Allocate Addresses to Devices | |
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| Assigning Subnets | |
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| Assigning Device Addresses | |
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| Sequential Allocation | |
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| Reserved Addresses | |
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| Grow Towards the Middle | |
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| Document Your Work | |
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| Keeping Track of What You've Done | |
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| Paper | |
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| Spreadsheets | |
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| Databases | |
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| In Any Case | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Subnetting Tables | |
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| Class A Subnetting Table | |
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| Class B Subnetting Table | |
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| Class C Subnetting Table | |
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| Subnet Assignment Worksheet | |
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| Private Addressing and Subnetting Large Networks | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Strategies to Conserve Addresses | |
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| CIDR | |
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| VLSM | |
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| Private Addresses | |
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| Addressing Economics | |
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| An Appeal | |
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| Public vs Private Address Spaces | |
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| Can I Pick My Own? | |
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| RFC 1918--Private Network Addresses | |
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| The Three-Address Blocks | |
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| Considerations | |
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| Which to Use When | |
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| Strategy for Subnetting a Class A Private Network | |
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| The Network | |
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| The Strategy | |
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| Address Assignment | |
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| The Headquarters LANs | |
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| The WAN Links from Headquarters to the Distribution Centers | |
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| The Distribution Center LANs | |
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| The WAN Links from the DC to the Stores | |
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| The Store LANs | |
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| Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Network Address Translation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hiding Behind the Router/Firewall | |
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| What Is NAT? | |
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| How Does NAT Work? | |
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| Network Address Translation (Static) | |
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| How Does Static NAT Work? | |
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| Double NAT | |
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| Problems with Static NAT | |
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| Configuration Examples | |
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| Windows NT 2000 | |
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| Cisco IOS | |
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| Linux IP Masquerade | |
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| Network Address Translation (Dynamic) | |
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| How Does Dynamic NAT Work? | |
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| Problems with Dynamic NAT | |
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| Configuration Examples | |
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| Cisco IOS | |
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| Port Address Translation (PAT) | |
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| How Does PAT Work? | |
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| Problems with PAT | |
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| Configuration Examples | |
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| Windows NT 2000 | |
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| Linux IP Masquerade | |
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| Cisco IOS | |
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| What Are the Advantages? | |
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| What Are the Performance Issues? | |
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| Proxies and Firewall Capabilities | |
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| Packet Filters | |
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| Proxies | |
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| Stateful Packet Filters | |
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| Stateful Packet Filter with Rewrite | |
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| Why a Proxy Server Is Really Not a NAT | |
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| Shortcomings of SPF | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| References and Resources | |
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| RFCs | |
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| IP Masquerade/Linux | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Windows | |
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| NAT Whitepapers | |
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| Firewalls | |
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| Variable-Length Subnet Masking | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Are Variable-Length Masks Necessary? | |
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| Right-sizing Your Subnets | |
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| More Addresses or More Useful Addresses? | |
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| The Importance of Proper Planning | |
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| Creating and Managing Variable-Length Subnets | |
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| Analyze Subnet Needs | |
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| Enumerate Each Subnet and Number of Required Nodes | |
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| Determine Which Mask to Use in Each Subnet | |
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| Allocate Addresses Based on Need For Each Subnet | |
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| Routing Protocols and VLSM | |
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| Class C VLSM Problem | |
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| Completing the Class C Problem | |
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| Template-based Address Assignment | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| Routing Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classless Interdomain Routing | |
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| From Millions to Thousands of Networks | |
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| ISP Address Assignment | |
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| Using CIDR Addresses Inside Your Network | |
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| Contiguous Subnets | |
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| Igrp | |
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| Eigrp | |
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| Eigrp Concepts | |
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| Rip-1 Requirements | |
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| Comparison with Igrp | |
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| Routing Update Impact | |
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| Rip-2 Requirements | |
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| Ospf | |
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| Configuring Ospf | |
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| Routing Update Impact | |
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| Ospf Implementation Recommendations | |
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| Bgp Requirements | |
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| Ibgp and Ebgp Requirements | |
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| Loopback Interfaces | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| Automatic Assignment of IP Addresses with Bootp and Dhcp Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Role of Dynamic Address Assignment | |
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| A Brief History | |
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| Address Management with These Tools | |
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| The Bootp Packet | |
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| Field Descriptions and Comments | |
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| Op | |
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| Htype | |
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| Hlen | |
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| Hops | |
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| Xid | |
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| Secs | |
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| Flag | |
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| Ciaddr | |
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| Yiaddr | |
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| Siaddr | |
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| Giaddr | |
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| Chaddr | |
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| Sname | |
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| File | |
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| Vend/Option | |
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| Bootp Process Details | |
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| Client Bootrequest | |
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| Server Bootreply | |
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| Field Values in the Bootreply packet | |
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| The Bootp Server Database | |
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| How Does Dhcp Work? | |
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| Dhcp Process Overview | |
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| Dhcp Process Details | |
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| Dhcp-Specific Options | |
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| Interoperation between Dhcp and Bootp | |
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| Dhcp Address Scopes | |
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| Comparing Bootp and Dhcp | |
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| How Bootp Works | |
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| Bootp Process Overview | |
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| Dhcp / Bootp Options | |
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| Bootp Options from Rfc 1497 | |
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| IP Layer Parameters per Host | |
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| IP Layer Parameters per Interface | |
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| Link Layer Parameters per Interface | |
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| TCP Parameters | |
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| Application and Service Parameters | |
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| Bootp, Dhcp, and Routed Networks | |
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| The Bootp Relay Agent | |
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| The Role of the Giaddr | |
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| Other Fields Involved | |
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| Hops | |
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| Chaddr, Yiaddr, Htype, Hlen, Flag | |
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| Secs | |
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| Udp Port Number | |
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| IP Ttl Field | |
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| All Other Fields | |
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| Bootp Implementation Checklist | |
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| Dhcp Implementation Checklist | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| Multicast Addressing | |
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| What Is Multicast? | |
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| Mapping IP Multicast to the Link Layer | |
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| Joining the Group | |
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| IGMP | |
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| Multicast Routing Protocols | |
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| Mbone | |
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| Multicast Addresses | |
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| Transient and Permanent Addresses | |
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| Generic Assignments | |
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| IANA Assignments | |
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| Scope of Multicast Addresses Using TTL | |
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| Administrative Scopes | |
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| IP Stacks and Multicast | |
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| Why Multicast? | |
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| Efficiency of Bandwidth Usage and Scaling | |
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| Discovering | |
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| Efficient Channel | |
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| Industry | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQ | |
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| References | |
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| IPv6 Addressing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| IPv6 Addressing Basics | |
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| IPv6 Addressing Scheme Characteristics | |
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| Version | |
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| Traffic Class | |
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| Flow Label | |
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| Payload Length | |
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| Next Header | |
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| Hop-by-Hop Options Header | |
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| Destination Options Header I | |
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| Routing Header | |
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| Fragment Header | |
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| Authentication Header | |
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| Encrypted Security Payload Header | |
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| Destination Options Header II | |
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| Hop Limit | |
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| Source Address | |
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| Destination Address | |
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| More Bits! | |
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| A More Flexible Hierarchical Organization of Addresses | |
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| FP: Format Prefix | |
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| TLA ID | |
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| RES | |
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| NLA ID | |
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| SLA ID | |
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| Interface ID | |
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| Minimizing the Size of Routing Tables | |
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| Global Addresses for the Internet and Local Addresses for Intranet | |
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| IPv6 Benefits | |
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| Increased IP Address Size | |
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| Increased Addressing Hierarchy Support | |
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| Simplified Host Addressing | |
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| Simpler Autoconfiguration of Addresses | |
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| Improved Scalability of Multicast Routing | |
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| The Anycast Address | |
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| The Need for Further Development | |
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| The Multihoming Problem | |
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| The 6Bone | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQ | |
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| The IPv6 Header | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Expanded Addressing | |
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| Simplified Header | |
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| Improved Support for Extension and Option | |
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| Flow and Flow Labeling | |
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| Authentication and Privacy | |
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| IPv6 Header | |
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| IPv4 Header | |
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| Extension Headers | |
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| Hop-by-Hop Option Header | |
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| Routing Header | |
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| Fragment Header | |
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| Authentication Header | |
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| Encapsulating Security Payload | |
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| Destination Options Header | |
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| Upper-Layer Protocol Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| FAQs | |
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| References | |
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| Address Assignment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Registries | |
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| Provider-Based Assignments | |
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| Cost of an IP Address | |
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| How to Find an IPv4 Address Delegation | |
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| How to Find an IPv6 Address Delegation | |
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| Internet Governance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Index | |