| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of Physical Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Units | |
| |
| |
| Force | |
| |
| |
| Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, and the Chemical Mole | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gas Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Basic Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Operational Definition of Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boyle's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Avogadro's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Gas Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Real Gases | |
| |
| |
| The van der Waals Equation | |
| |
| |
| The Virial Equation of State | |
| |
| |
| |
| Condensation of Gases and the Critical State | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinetic Theory of Gases | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure of a Gas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinetic Energy and Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Maxwell Distribution Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas Viscosity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equipartition of Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Equation 3.24 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Total and Partial Differentiation | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work and Heat | |
| |
| |
| Work | |
| |
| |
| Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enthalpy | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look at Heat Capacities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas Expansion | |
| |
| |
| Isothermal Expansion | |
| |
| |
| Adiabatic Expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Standard Enthalpy of Formation | |
| |
| |
| Dependence of Enthalpy of Reaction on Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies | |
| |
| |
| Bond Enthalpy and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exact and Inexact Differentials | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Entropy | |
| |
| |
| Statistical Definition of Entropy | |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Definition of Entropy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Carnot Heat Engine | |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| The Entropy Function | |
| |
| |
| Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Entropy Changes | |
| |
| |
| Entropy Change due to Mixing of Ideal Gases | |
| |
| |
| Entropy Change due to Phase Transitions | |
| |
| |
| Entropy Change due to Heating | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Third Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| Third-Law or Absolute Entropies | |
| |
| |
| Entropy of Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Residual Entropy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies and Their Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meaning of Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies | |
| |
| |
| Helmholtz Energy | |
| |
| |
| Gibbs Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation ([Delta][subscript f]G[degree]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dependence of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Dependence of G on Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Dependence of G on Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gibbs Energy and Phase Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| The Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron Equations | |
| |
| |
| Phase Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| The Phase Rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Thermodynamic Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of the Phase Rule | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonelectrolyte Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concentration Units | |
| |
| |
| Percent by Weight | |
| |
| |
| Mole Fraction (x) | |
| |
| |
| Molarity (M) | |
| |
| |
| Molality (m) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partial Molar Quantities | |
| |
| |
| Partial Molar Volume | |
| |
| |
| Partial Molar Gibbs Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Thermodynamics of Mixing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Real Solutions | |
| |
| |
| The Solvent Component | |
| |
| |
| The Solute Component | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Equilibria of Two-Component Systems | |
| |
| |
| Distillation | |
| |
| |
| Solid-Liquid Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Colligative Properties | |
| |
| |
| Vapor-Pressure Lowering | |
| |
| |
| Boiling-Point Elevation | |
| |
| |
| Freezing-Point Depression | |
| |
| |
| Osmotic Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrolyte Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical Conduction in Solution | |
| |
| |
| Some Basic Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Degree of Dissociation | |
| |
| |
| Ionic Mobility | |
| |
| |
| Applications of Conductance Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Molecular View of the Solution Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy of Formation of Ions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ionic Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Debye-Huckel Theory of Electrolytes | |
| |
| |
| The Salting-In and Salting-Out Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions | |
| |
| |
| The Donnan Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Membrane Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notes on Electrostatics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Donnan Effect Involving Proteins Bearing Multiple Charges | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems | |
| |
| |
| Ideal Gases | |
| |
| |
| Real Gases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heterogeneous Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Temperature | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Pressure | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of a Catalyst | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules | |
| |
| |
| One Binding Site per Macromolecule | |
| |
| |
| n Equivalent Binding Sites per Macromolecule | |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium Dialysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioenergetics | |
| |
| |
| The Standard State in Biochemistry | |
| |
| |
| ATP--The Currency of Energy | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Coupled Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Glycolysis | |
| |
| |
| Some Limitations of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Relationship Between Fugacity and Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Relationships Between K[subscript 1] and K[subscript 2] and the Intrinsic Dissociation Constant K | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Electrode Potential | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells | |
| |
| |
| The Nernst Equation | |
| |
| |
| Temperature Dependence of EMF | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| Metal Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| Gas Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| Metal-Insoluble Salt Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| The Glass Electrode | |
| |
| |
| Ion-Selective Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Electrochemical Cells | |
| |
| |
| Concentration Cells | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications of EMF Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Activity Coefficients | |
| |
| |
| Determination of pH | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potentiometric Titration of Redox Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| The Chemiosmotic Theory of Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Membrane Potential | |
| |
| |
| The Goldman Equation | |
| |
| |
| The Action Potential | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definitions of Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dissociation of Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| The Ion Product of Water and the pH Scale | |
| |
| |
| The Relationship Between the Dissociation Constant of an Acid and Its Conjugate Base | |
| |
| |
| |
| Salt Hydrolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Titrations | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Indicators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amino Acids | |
| |
| |
| Dissociation of Amino Acids | |
| |
| |
| The Isoelectric Point (pI) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buffer Solutions | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Ionic Strength and Temperature on Buffer Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Preparing a Buffer Solution With a Specific pH | |
| |
| |
| Buffer Capacity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintaining the pH of Blood | |
| |
| |
| |
| A More Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reaction Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reaction Order | |
| |
| |
| Zero-Order Reactions | |
| |
| |
| First-Order Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Second-Order Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Reaction Order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecularity of a Reaction | |
| |
| |
| Unimolecular Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Bimolecular Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Termolecular Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Complex Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Reversible Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Consecutive Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Chain Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates | |
| |
| |
| The Arrhenius Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential-Energy Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theories of Reaction Rates | |
| |
| |
| Collision Theory | |
| |
| |
| Transition-State Theory | |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Formulation of Transition-State Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fast Reactions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| The Flow Method | |
| |
| |
| The Relaxation Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oscillating Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Equation 12.9 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Equation 12.38 | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enzyme Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Principles of Catalysis | |
| |
| |
| Enzyme Catalysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Equations of Enzyme Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| Michaelis-Menten Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| Steady-State Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| The Significance of K[subscript M] and V[subscript max] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chymotrypsin: A Case Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multisubstrate Systems | |
| |
| |
| The Sequential Mechanism | |
| |
| |
| The Nonsequential or "Ping-Pong" Mechanism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enzyme Inhibition | |
| |
| |
| Reversible Inhibition | |
| |
| |
| Irreversible Inhibition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Allosteric Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Binding to Myoglobin and Hemoglobin | |
| |
| |
| The Hill Equation | |
| |
| |
| The Concerted Model | |
| |
| |
| The Sequential Model | |
| |
| |
| Conformational Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by Oxygen Binding | |
| |
| |
| |
| pH Effects on Enzyme Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinetic Analysis of the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Trimethylacetate Catalyzed by Chymotrypsin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivations of Equations 13.17 and 13.19 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Equation 13.32 | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Wave Theory of Light | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planck's Quantum Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Photoelectric Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| de Broglie's Postulate | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Schrodinger Wave Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle in a One-Dimensional Box | |
| |
| |
| Electronic Spectra of Polyenes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Schrodinger Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom | |
| |
| |
| Atomic Orbitals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| Electron Configurations | |
| |
| |
| Variations in Periodic Properties | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Chemical Bond | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lewis Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Valence Bond Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals | |
| |
| |
| Methane (CH[subscript 4]) | |
| |
| |
| Ethylene (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 4]) | |
| |
| |
| Acetylene (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 2]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electronegativity and Dipole Moment | |
| |
| |
| Electronegativity | |
| |
| |
| Dipole Moment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Orbital Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diatomic Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements | |
| |
| |
| Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules of the First-and Second-Period Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resonance and Electron Delocalization | |
| |
| |
| The Peptide Bond | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordination Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Crystal Field Theory | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Orbital Theory | |
| |
| |
| Valence Bond Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intermolecular Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intermolecular Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ionic Bond | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Intermolecular Forces | |
| |
| |
| Dipole-Dipole Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Ion-Dipole Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Ion-Induced Dipole and Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion, or London, Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Repulsive and Total Interactions | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Dispersion Forces in Sickle-Cell Anemia | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Hydrogen Bond | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure and Properties of Water | |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Ice | |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Water | |
| |
| |
| Some Physiochemical Properties of Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrophobic Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary | |
| |
| |
| Absorption and Emission | |
| |
| |
| Units | |
| |
| |
| Regions of the Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| Line Width | |
| |
| |
| Resolution | |
| |
| |
| Intensity | |
| |
| |
| Selection Rules | |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| The Beer-Lambert Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microwave Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infrared Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| Simultaneous Vibrational and Rotational Transitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electronic Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| Organic Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Transition Metal Complexes | |
| |
| |
| Molecules that Undergo Charge-Transfer Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Application of the Beer-Lambert Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| The Boltzmann Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Shifts | |
| |
| |
| Spin-Spin Coupling | |
| |
| |
| NMR and Rate Processes | |
| |
| |
| NMR of Nuclei Other Than [superscript 1]H | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence and Phosphorescence | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence | |
| |
| |
| Phosphorescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lasers | |
| |
| |
| Properties and Applications of Laser Light | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symmetry of Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Proper Rotation Axis | |
| |
| |
| Plane of Symmetry | |
| |
| |
| Center of Symmetry | |
| |
| |
| Improper Rotation Axis | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Symmetry and Dipole Moment | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarized Light and Optical Rotation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photochemistry and Photobiology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Versus Photochemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Primary Versus Secondary Processes | |
| |
| |
| Quantum Yields | |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Light Intensity | |
| |
| |
| Action Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earth's Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Composition of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Regions of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Residence Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Greenhouse Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Smog | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Nitrogen Oxides | |
| |
| |
| Formation of O[subscript 3] | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Hydroxyl Radical | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Other Secondary Pollutants | |
| |
| |
| Harmful Effects and Prevention of Photochemical Smog | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Essential Role of Ozone in the Stratosphere | |
| |
| |
| Formation of the Ozone Layer | |
| |
| |
| Destruction of Ozone | |
| |
| |
| Polar Ozone Holes | |
| |
| |
| Ways to Curb Ozone Depletion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| The Chloroplast | |
| |
| |
| Chlorophyll and Other Pigment Molecules | |
| |
| |
| The Reaction Center | |
| |
| |
| Photosystems I and II | |
| |
| |
| Dark Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vision | |
| |
| |
| Structure of Rhodopsin | |
| |
| |
| Mechanism of Vision | |
| |
| |
| Rotation About the C=C Bond | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Effects of Radiation | |
| |
| |
| Sunlight and Skin Cancer | |
| |
| |
| Photomedicine | |
| |
| |
| Light-Activated Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Solid State | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Crystal Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bragg Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structural Determination by X-ray Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| The Powder Method | |
| |
| |
| Determination of the Crystal Structure of NaCl | |
| |
| |
| The Structure Factor | |
| |
| |
| Neutron Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Metallic Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Ionic Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Covalent Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Crystals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Equation 20.3 | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Liquid State | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Liquids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viscosity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Tension | |
| |
| |
| The Capillary-Rise Method | |
| |
| |
| Surface Tension in the Lungs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| Fick's Laws of Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquid Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Thermotropic Liquid Crystals | |
| |
| |
| Lyotropic Liquid Crystals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Equation 21.13 | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Macromolecules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods for Determining Size, Shape, and Molar Mass of Macromolecules | |
| |
| |
| Molar Mass of Macromolecules | |
| |
| |
| Sedimentation in the Ultracentrifuge | |
| |
| |
| Viscosity | |
| |
| |
| Electrophoresis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Synthetic Polymers | |
| |
| |
| Configuration and Conformation | |
| |
| |
| The Random-Walk Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Proteins and DNA | |
| |
| |
| Proteins | |
| |
| |
| DNA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protein Stability | |
| |
| |
| Hydrophobic Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Denaturation | |
| |
| |
| Protein Folding | |
| |
| |
| |
| DNA Fingerprinting | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Macrostates and Microstates | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Boltzmann Distribution Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Partition Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Partition Function | |
| |
| |
| Translational Partition Function | |
| |
| |
| Rotational Partition Function | |
| |
| |
| Vibrational Partition Function | |
| |
| |
| Electronic Partition Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Quantities from Partition Functions | |
| |
| |
| Internal Energy and Heat Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Entropy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transition-State Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Justification of Q = q[superscript N]/N! for Indistinguishable Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review of Mathematics and Physics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Data | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Even-Numbered Computational Problems | |
| |
| |
| Index | |