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| Preface | |
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| The Components and Context of Arguments | |
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| An Introduction to Arguments | |
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| The Elements of Arguments | |
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| Identifying an Argument's Reasons and Conclusions | |
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| Two Types of Reasons: Evidence and Connectives | |
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| The Place of Values in Argument | |
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| Agreements in Argumentation | |
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| Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy | |
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| What Arguments Do: Justify, Persuade, Discover | |
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| Tools for Analyzing Arguments | |
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| When Arguments Are and Are Not Likely | |
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| Deductive and Inductive Reasoning | |
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| Three Tools for Analyzing Arguments | |
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| Complementary Reasons | |
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| Toulmin's Model | |
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| Missing Elements in Arguments | |
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| Ethical Argumentation | |
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| Argumentation, Persuasion, and Ethics | |
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| Argument Ethics and Social Pluralism | |
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| Some Approaches to Argument Ethics | |
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| Virtues in Argumentation | |
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| The Standards of Sound Arguments | |
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| Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People | |
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| Reasonable Arguments | |
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| Reasonable People | |
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| Responding to Arguments | |
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| Validity and the Structure of Arguments | |
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| Conditional Validity | |
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| Categorical Validity: Stage One | |
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| Categorical Validity: Stage Two | |
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| Validity in Enumeration Arguments | |
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| Disjunctives and Dilemmas | |
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| Validity in Inductive Arguments | |
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| An Introduction to Evidence: Satisfying the Criterion of Support | |
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| General Tests of Evidence | |
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| Sources of Evidence | |
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| Evidence: Statistics and Testimony | |
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| Statistics as Evidence | |
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| Testimony as Evidence | |
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| Linguistic Consistency: Definitions in Argument | |
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| Definition Reports: Defining for Clarity and Emphasis | |
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| Argumentative Definitions | |
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| Evaluating Definitions | |
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| Ambiguity and Equivocation | |
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| Other Considerations of Language in Argument | |
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| Argument Types and Audience Adaptation | |
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| Analogies and Examples | |
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| Analogies | |
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| Arguing from an Example | |
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| Reasoning About Causes | |
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| Arguments Advancing Hypotheses | |
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| The Structure of Arguments Advancing Hypotheses | |
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| Arguments Generalizing About Cause | |
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| Loci Communes: Some Common Arguments | |
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| Pragmatic Arguments and Arguments from Principle | |
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| Arguments from Quantity and Quality | |
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| Loci of Essential Nature | |
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| Fallacies and Related Concerns | |
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| Fallacies | |
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| Appeals | |
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| Case Construction and Audience Adaptation | |
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| Policy Case Construction | |
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| Audience Adaptation | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |