Tables | p. xi |
Forms | p. xii |
Figures | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
About the Authors | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Preparatory Considerations | p. 1 |
Foundations of Assessment | p. 3 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 4 |
Psychometric Principles | p. 5 |
Validity | p. 5 |
Reliability | p. 6 |
Standardization | p. 7 |
Assessment Methods | p. 7 |
Norm-Referenced Tests | p. 7 |
Criterion-Referenced Tests | p. 9 |
Authentic Assessment Approach | p. 10 |
Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education | p. 12 |
Concluding Comments | p. 14 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 14 |
Chapter 1 Forms | p. 15 |
Multicultural Considerations | p. 19 |
Preassessment Knowledge | p. 20 |
Know the Culture of the Client | p. 20 |
Know the History of the Client | p. 23 |
Know the Normal Communicative Patterns of the Client's Dominant Language | p. 23 |
Normal Patterns of Second Language Acquisition | p. 24 |
Planning and Completing the Assessment | p. 25 |
Making a Diagnosis | p. 27 |
Working with Interpreters | p. 28 |
Concluding Comments | p. 29 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 30 |
Chapter 2 Forms | p. 31 |
Speech and Language Characteristics of African American English | p. 38 |
Speech and Language Characteristics of Spanish | p. 44 |
Speech and Language Characteristics of Asian Languages | p. 53 |
Obtaining, Interpreting, and Reporting Assessment Information | p. 55 |
Obtaining Preassessment Information | p. 57 |
Written Case Histories | p. 58 |
Allergy Awareness | p. 59 |
Information-Getting Interviews | p. 59 |
Questions Common to Various Communicative Disorders | p. 60 |
Questions Common to Specific Communicative Disorders | p. 61 |
Information from Other Professionals | p. 64 |
Concluding Comments | p. 65 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 66 |
Chapter 3 Forms | p. 67 |
Sample Release of Information | p. 79 |
Sample Request for Information | p. 80 |
Sample Referral for Medical Evaluation | p. 81 |
Evaluating Preassessment Information | p. 82 |
Speech, Language, and Motor Development | p. 83 |
Medical Conditions Associated with Communicative Disorders | p. 90 |
Syndromes Associated with Communicative Disorders | p. 101 |
Standard Medical Abbreviations | p. 115 |
Concluding Comments | p. 117 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 117 |
Reporting Assessment Findings | p. 119 |
Information-Giving Interviews | p. 120 |
Illustrations to Use When Conveying Information | p. 121 |
Writing Assessment Reports | p. 124 |
Clinical Correspondence | p. 127 |
Writing SOAP Notes | p. 127 |
Concluding Comments | p. 128 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 129 |
Three Sample Clinical Reports | p. 130 |
Sample Release of Information Form | p. 140 |
Three Sample Clinical Correspondences | p. 141 |
Resources for Assessing Communicative Disorders | p. 147 |
Assessment Procedures Common to Most Communicative Disorders | p. 149 |
Oral-Facial Examination | p. 150 |
Interpreting the Oral-Facial Examination | p. 150 |
Assessing Diadochokinetic Syllable Rates | p. 152 |
Speech and Language Sampling | p. 152 |
Conversation Starters for Eliciting a Speech-Language Sample | p. 153 |
Pictures | p. 154 |
Narratives with Pictures | p. 159 |
Evaluating Rate of Speech | p. 168 |
Determining Speech Rate | p. 168 |
Determining Intelligibility | p. 169 |
Syllable-by-Syllable Stimulus Phrases | p. 170 |
Reading Passages | p. 174 |
Charting | p. 183 |
Concluding Comments | p. 184 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 184 |
Chapter 6 Forms | p. 186 |
Assessment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders | p. 196 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 197 |
Screening | p. 198 |
Formal Tests | p. 199 |
Speech Sampling | p. 200 |
Identifying Sound Errors | p. 200 |
Stimulability | p. 201 |
Assessing Stimulability of Consonants | p. 201 |
Developmental Norms for Phonemes and Blends | p. 207 |
Frequencies of Occurrence of Consonants | p. 211 |
Descriptive Features of Phonemes | p. 212 |
Distinctive Features of Consonants | p. 213 |
Phonological Processes | p. 214 |
Concluding Comments | p. 219 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 219 |
Chapter 7 Forms | p. 220 |
Assessment of Language | p. 228 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 229 |
Assessment Approaches | p. 230 |
Components of Language | p. 231 |
Language Disorder Categories | p. 231 |
Screening | p. 232 |
Assessment of Early Language Development | p. 232 |
Piaget's Stages of Early Cognitive Development | p. 236 |
Late Talker vs. Language Disordered | p. 239 |
Formal Language Testing | p. 239 |
Informal Assessment | p. 242 |
Language Sampling and Analysis | p. 243 |
Determining the Mean Length of Utterance | p. 244 |
Assessment of Pragmatic Skills | p. 247 |
Assessment of Semantic Skills | p. 247 |
Determining the Type-Token Ratio | p. 249 |
Assessment of Syntactic Skills | p. 249 |
Assessment of Morphologic Skills | p. 252 |
Making a Diagnosis | p. 253 |
Concluding Comments | p. 254 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 254 |
Chapter 8 Forms | p. 256 |
Assessment of Fluency | p. 287 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 289 |
Speech Sampling | p. 289 |
Evaluating the Speech Sample | p. 290 |
Descriptions of Dysfluencies | p. 290 |
Dysfluency Indexes | p. 291 |
Associated Motor Behaviors | p. 292 |
Physiological Factors | p. 293 |
Speech Rate | p. 293 |
Assessing Feelings and Attitudes | p. 293 |
Parental Concern | p. 294 |
Avoidance and Expectancy | p. 294 |
Criteria for Diagnosing Stuttering | p. 295 |
Estimating Severity | p. 297 |
Stimulability | p. 297 |
Cluttering | p. 298 |
Assessment | p. 298 |
Stimulability | p. 300 |
Concluding Comments | p. 300 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 300 |
Chapter 9 Forms | p. 302 |
Assessment of Voice and Resonance | p. 315 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 316 |
Screening | p. 317 |
Need for Medical Evaluation | p. 319 |
Examining the Voice | p. 319 |
Assessment Instrumentation | p. 320 |
Normal Fundamental Frequencies | p. 320 |
Assessing Breathing and Breath Support | p. 322 |
The S/Z Ratio | p. 323 |
Assessing Resonance | p. 324 |
Hypernasality | p. 325 |
Assimilation Nasality | p. 325 |
Hyponasality | p. 326 |
Assessing Velopharyngeal Function | p. 326 |
The Pressure Consonants | p. 326 |
The Modified Tongue Anchor Procedure | p. 328 |
Stimulability | p. 328 |
Concluding Comments | p. 328 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 329 |
Chapter 10 Forms | p. 330 |
Assessment of Neurologically Based Communicative Disorders | p. 335 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 336 |
The Cranial Nerves | p. 338 |
Differential Characteristics of Dysarthria and Apraxia | p. 338 |
Assessment of Dysarthria | p. 340 |
Assessment of Apraxia | p. 342 |
Developmental Apraxia of Speech | p. 344 |
Assessment of Aphasia | p. 344 |
Assessment of Right Hemisphere Syndrome | p. 348 |
Assessment of Clients with Traumatic Brain Injury | p. 350 |
Assessment of Clients with Dementia | p. 354 |
Concluding Comments | p. 357 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 357 |
Chapter 11 Forms | p. 361 |
Assessment of Dysphagia | p. 397 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 398 |
Overview of a Normal Swallow | p. 399 |
Bedside Assessment of Dysphagia | p. 399 |
Administration and Interpretation | p. 400 |
Videofluoroscopy and Videoendoscopy | p. 402 |
Videofluoroscopy | p. 402 |
Videoendoscopy | p. 402 |
Bedside Assessment of the Tracheostomized Client | p. 403 |
The Blue-Dye Test | p. 404 |
Concluding Comments | p. 404 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 405 |
Chapter 12 Form | p. 406 |
Assessment of Four Special Populations | p. 410 |
Overview of Assessment | p. 411 |
Assessment of Clients with Autism Spectrum Disorder | p. 413 |
Characteristics of the Five Autism Spectrum Disorders | p. 413 |
Early Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorder | p. 414 |
Assessment and Diagnosis | p. 418 |
Assessment for Augmentative or Alternative Communication (AAC) | p. 421 |
Assessing Sensory and Motor Capabilities | p. 422 |
Assessing Language and Cognitive Skills | p. 423 |
Determining the Most Appropriate AAC System | p. 424 |
Assessment of Laryngectomees | p. 425 |
Alaryngeal Communication Options | p. 427 |
Assessment of Clients with Cleft Lip or Palate | p. 430 |
Assessing Speech and Resonance | p. 432 |
Concluding Comments | p. 434 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 434 |
Chapter 13 Forms | p. 437 |
Assessment of Hearing | p. 459 |
Types of Hearing Losses | p. 460 |
Conductive Hearing Loss | p. 460 |
Sensorineural Hearing Loss | p. 460 |
Mixed Hearing Loss | p. 461 |
Central Auditory Disorder | p. 461 |
Retrocochlear Pathology | p. 461 |
Standard Classification of Hearing Loss and the Effects on Communicative Development | p. 461 |
Screening | p. 463 |
Interpreting Audiograms and Tympanograms | p. 463 |
Audiograms | p. 463 |
Tympanograms | p. 468 |
Speech Audiometry | p. 471 |
Environmental Noise Levels | p. 471 |
Hearing Aids | p. 473 |
Troubleshooting Hearing Aid Problems | p. 473 |
Cochlear Implants | p. 475 |
Vibrotactile Aids | p. 475 |
Concluding Comments | p. 476 |
Sources of Additional Information | p. 476 |
Chapter 14 Form | p. 477 |
Glossary | p. 479 |
References | p. 491 |
Index | p. 501 |
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