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| Notation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The scope and nature of chemical thermodynamics | |
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| Equilibrium in mechanical systems | |
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| Reversibility and equilibrium | |
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| Why we need thermodynamics | |
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| The mole | |
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| The perfect gas | |
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| Energy | |
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| Work | |
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| Heat and temperature | |
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| Measurement of temperature | |
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| Heat and molecular motion | |
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| Conservation of energy | |
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| State functions: a digression | |
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| Enthalpy | |
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| Heat capacity | |
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| Problems | |
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| Entropy and equilibrium | |
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| Reversibility and equilibrium: a recapitulation | |
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| Condition of equilibrium | |
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| Entropy | |
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| Entropy as a state function | |
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| Entropy of expansion of a gas | |
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| Entropy changes accompanying heat flow | |
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| Entropy and equilibrium | |
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| A cosmological aside | |
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| Entropy as a function of pressure and temperature | |
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| Molecular basis of entropy | |
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| Statistical basis of the Second Law | |
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| Magnitudes of entropy changes | |
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| Heat engines | |
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| Problems | |
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| Equilibrium in chemical systems | |
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| Free energy | |
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| Gibbs free energy | |
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| Pressure-dependence of free energy | |
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| Temperature variation of free energy | |
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| Phase equilibria | |
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| Clapeyron equation | |
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| Clausius-Clapeyron equation | |
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| The vapour pressure of liquids | |
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| Chemical potential | |
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| Chemical potential and free energy | |
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| Equilibrium between gaseous reactants | |
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| Temperature-dependence of equilibrium constants | |
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| Effect of pressure on equilibrium constants | |
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| Basic results of chemical thermodynamics | |
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| Le Chatelier's Principle | |
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| Problems | |
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| Determination of thermodynamic quantities | |
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| Hess's Law | |
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| Standard enthalpies of formation | |
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| Average bond energies | |
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| Temperature dependence of enthalpy changes | |
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| Standard free energies of formation | |
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| Determination of free-energy changes | |
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| Determination of entropies of substances | |
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| Example of the determination of thermodynamic quantities | |
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| Calculation of thermodynamic quantities at temperatures other than 298 K | |
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| Ellingham diagrams | |
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| Free-energy functions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Ideal solutions | |
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| The ideal solution | |
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| Properties of truly ideal solutions | |
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| Mixtures of liquids | |
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| Ideal solutions of solids in liquids | |
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| Ideal dilute solutions | |
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| Colligative properties | |
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| Freezing-point depression | |
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| Elevation of boiling point | |
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| Osmotic pressure | |
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| Properties of the solute in dilute solutions | |
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| Solubility of solids | |
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| Problems | |
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| Non-ideal solutions | |
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| The concept of activity | |
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| Activity of solids in liquids | |
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| Activity in aqueous solutions | |
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| Chemical equilibria in solution | |
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| Electrochemical cells | |
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| Standard electrode potentials | |
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| Problems | |
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| Thermodynamics of gases | |
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| Expansion of a perfect gas | |
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| Irreversible expansion | |
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| Equation of state of gases | |
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| Joule-Thomson experiment | |
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| Imperfect gases: fugacity | |
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| Calculation of fugacities | |
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| Problems | |
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| Molecular basis of thermodynamics | |
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| Energy levels | |
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| Microstates | |
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| The Boltzmann factor | |
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| Behaviour of heat capacity | |
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| Partition functions | |
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| Entropy and the partition function | |
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| Calculation of the translational partition function | |
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| The rotational partition function | |
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| Vibrational partition function | |
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| Evaluation of the properties of gaseous nitrogen | |
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| Chemical equilibrium | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to problems | |
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| Thermochemical data at 298.15 K | |
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| Thermodynamic data for ions in aqueous solution at 298.15 K | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Periodic table of elements | |
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| SI units and list of physical constants | |
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| Index | |