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| Preface | |
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| The study of animal intelligence | |
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| The distribution of intelligence | |
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| Defining animal intelligence | |
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| Why study animal intelligence? | |
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| Methods for studying animal intelligence | |
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| Historical background | |
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| Associative learning | |
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| Conditioning techniques | |
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| The nature of associative learning | |
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| Stimulus-stimulus learning | |
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| The nature of US representations | |
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| The conditioned response | |
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| Concluding comment: the reflexive nature of the conditioned response | |
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| The conditions for learning: Surprise and attention | |
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| Surprise and conditioning | |
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| Conditioning with a single CS | |
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| Conditioning with a compound CS | |
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| Evaluation of the Rescorla-Wagner model | |
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| Attention and conditioning | |
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| Wagner's theory | |
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| Stimulus significance | |
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| The Pearce-Hall theory | |
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| Concluding comments | |
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| Instrumental conditioning | |
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| The nature of instrumental learning | |
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| The conditions of learning | |
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| The performance of instrumental behavior | |
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| The Law of Effect and problem solving | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Extinction as generalization decrement | |
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| The conditions for extinction | |
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| Associative changes during extinction | |
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| Are trials important for Pavlovian extinction? | |
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| Discrimination learning | |
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| Theories of discrimination learning | |
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| Connectionist models of discrimination learning | |
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| Metacognition and discrimination learning | |
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| Category formation | |
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| Examples of categorization | |
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| Theories of categorization | |
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| Abstract categories | |
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| Relationships as categories | |
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| The representation of knowledge | |
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| Short-term retention | |
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| Methods of study | |
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| Forgetting | |
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| Theoretical interpretation | |
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| Serial position effects | |
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| Metamemory | |
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| Long-term retention | |
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| Capacity | |
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| Durability | |
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| Theoretical interpretation | |
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| Episodic memory | |
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| Time, number, and serial order | |
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| Time | |
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| Number | |
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| Serial order | |
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| Transitive inference | |
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| Concluding comments | |
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| Navigation | |
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| Short-distance travel | |
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| Methods of navigation | |
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| Long-distance travel | |
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| Navigational cues | |
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| Homing | |
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| Migration | |
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| Concluding comments | |
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| Social learning | |
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| Diet selection and foraging | |
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| Choosing a mate | |
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| Fear of predators | |
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| Copying behavior: mimicry | |
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| Copying behavior: imitation | |
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| Theory of mind | |
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| Self-recognition | |
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| Concluding comments | |
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| Animal communication and language | |
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| Animal communication | |
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| Communication and language | |
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| Can an ape create a sentence? | |
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| Language training with other species | |
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| The requirements for learning a language | |
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| The distribution of intelligence | |
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| Intelligence and brain size | |
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| The null hypothesis | |
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| Intelligence and evolution | |
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| References | |
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| Author index | |
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| Subject index | |