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| Preface | |
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| How to Use This Book | |
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| What Is Social Psychology? | |
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| A Definition of Social Psychology | |
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| The Scientific Study of the Effects of Social and Cognitive Processes on the Way Individuals Perceive, Influence, and Relate to Others | |
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| Historical Trends and Current Themes in Social Psychology | |
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| Social Psychology Becomes an Empirical Science | |
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| Social Psychology Splits From General Psychology Over What Causes Behavior | |
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| The Rise of Nazism Shapes the Development of Social Psychology | |
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| Growth and Integration | |
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| How the Approach of This Book Reflects an Integrative Perspective | |
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| Two Fundamental Axioms of Social Psychology | |
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| Three Motivational Principles | |
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| Three Processing Principles | |
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| Common Processes, Diverse Behaviors | |
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| Plan of the Book | |
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| Summary | |
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| Asking and Answering Research Questions | |
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| A Note to the Student on How to Use This Chapter | |
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| Research Questions and the Role of Theory | |
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| Origins of Research Questions | |
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| What is a Scientific Theory? | |
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| Testing Theories: From Theory to Research | |
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| Construct Validity and Approaches to Measurement | |
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| Internal Validity and Types of Research Design | |
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| External Validity and Research Populations and Settings | |
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| Evaluating Theories: The Bottom Line | |
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| The Role of Ethics and Values in Research | |
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| Being Fair to Participants | |
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| Being Helpful to Society | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Perceiving Individuals | |
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| Forming First Impressions: Cues, Interpretations, and Inferences | |
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| The Raw Materials of First Impressions | |
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| Interpreting Cues | |
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| Characterizing the Behaving Person: Correspondent Inferences | |
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| When Is a Correspondent Inference Justified? | |
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| Beyond First Impressions: Systematic Processing | |
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| Causal Attributions | |
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| Using Attributions to Correct First Impressions | |
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| Putting It All Together: Forming Complex Impressions | |
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| The Accuracy of Considered Impressions | |
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| The Impact of Impressions: Using, Defending, and Changing Impressions | |
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| Impressions and Judgments | |
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| Defending Impressions | |
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| Dealing with Inconsistent Information | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Self | |
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| Constructing the Self-Concept: What We Know About Ourselves | |
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| Sources of the Self-Concept | |
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| Learning About Self and Others: The Same or Different? | |
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| Multiple Selves | |
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| Putting It All Together: Constructing a Coherent Self-Concept | |
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| Cultural Differences in the Self-Concept | |
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| Constructing Self-Esteem: How We Feel About Ourselves | |
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| Balancing Accurate Self-Knowledge and Self-Enhancement | |
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| Evaluating Personal Experiences: Some Pain but Mainly Gain | |
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| Social Comparisons: Better or Worse Than Others? | |
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| Why Self-Enhance? | |
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| Self-Esteem in Cultural Context | |
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| Effects of the Self: Processes of Self-Regulation | |
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| The Self and Thoughts About Ourselves and Others | |
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| The Self and Emotions: for Me or Against Me? | |
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| The Self in Action: Regulating Behavior | |
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| Temptations and Other Threats to Self-Regulation | |
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| Taking Accounts of Other People's Standards | |
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| Defending the Self: Coping with Stresses, Inconsistencies, and Failures | |
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| Threats to the Well-Being of the Self | |
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| Defending Against Threat: Emotion-Focused Coping | |
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| Attacking Threat Head-On: Problem-Focused Coping | |
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| How to Cope?Concluding Comments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Perceiving Groups | |
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| Targets of Prejudice: Social Groups | |
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| Social Categorization: Dividing the World into Social Groups | |
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| Forming Impressions of Groups: Establishing Stereotypes | |
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| The Content of Stereotypes | |
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| Seeking the Motives behind Stereotyping | |
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| Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Mastery through Summarizing Personal Experiences | |
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| Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Connectedness to Other | |
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| Moving for Forming Stereotypes: Justifying Inequalities | |
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| Using Stereotypes: From Preconceptions to Prejudice | |
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| Activation of Stereotypes | |
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| Measuring Stereotypes and Prejudice | |
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| Impact of Stereotypes on Judgments and Actions | |
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| Trying to Overcome Stereotype Effects | |
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| Beyond Simple Activation: Effects of Stereotypes on Consi | |