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List of Figures and Tables | |
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Editorial Advisory Board | |
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Preface | |
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Introductions and Examples | |
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Information Behavior: An Introduction | |
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Introduction | |
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A Bit of Vocabulary | |
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Emphasizing People Rather Than Systems | |
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Ten Myths About Information and Information Seeking | |
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When, Why, and Where Information Behavior has been Studied | |
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The Contexts in Which Information Behavior Is Investigated | |
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The Scope of "Information Behavior" | |
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How This Book Is Organized, and How to Use It | |
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Organization of the Chapters | |
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Which Chapters to Read If... | |
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Common Examples of Information Behavior | |
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Six Information Seeking Scenarios | |
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Buying Products | |
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Finding Information in a Library | |
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Healing a Patient | |
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Betting on Race Horses | |
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Finding the Law | |
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"I Want to Know More about Cancer" | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Concepts Relevant to Information Behavior | |
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The Concept of Information | |
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Searching for a Definition of Information | |
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Explicating "Information" | |
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The Concept of Information | |
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Typologies of Information Concepts | |
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Definitions of Information and their Problems | |
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The Influential and Restrictive "Information Theory" | |
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Five Problematic Issues in Defining Information | |
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Utility as a Requirement | |
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Physicality as a Requirement | |
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Structure/Process as a Requirement | |
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Intentionality as a Requirement | |
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Truth as a Requirement | |
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Must there be a Universal Definition of Information? | |
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Distinctions among Information, Knowledge, and Data | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Information Needs and Information Seeking | |
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The Motivational Puzzle | |
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What Is a "Need?" | |
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Needs versus Demands | |
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Four Scholars Ponder Information Needs | |
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Seeking Answers | |
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Reducing Uncertainty | |
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Making Sense | |
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The Spectrum of Motivations | |
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The Trouble with Information Needs | |
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Information Seeking and Information Behavior | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Related Concepts | |
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Decision Making | |
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Making Decisions | |
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Solving Problems | |
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Browsing, Etc. | |
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Browsing, Scanning, Encountering, and Serendipity | |
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Additional Distinctions | |
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Relevance, Pertinence, and Salience | |
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Relevance and Pertinence | |
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Relevance in Information Retrieval | |
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Salience | |
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Avoiding Information | |
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Selective Exposure and Information Avoidance | |
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Knowledge Gaps and Information Poverty | |
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Information Overload and Anxiety | |
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Information versus Entertainment | |
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Sharing and Collaboration | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Models, Paradigms, and Theories in the Study of Information Behavior | |
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Models of Information Behavior | |
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Models | |
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What is a Model? | |
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Models of Information Seeking | |
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Examples of Information Seeking Models | |
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The First Wilson Model | |
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The Krikelas Model | |
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The Ellis Model | |
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The Kuhlthau Model | |
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The Leckie Model | |
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The Bystr�m and J�rvelin Model | |
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The Savolainen Model | |
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The Johnson Model | |
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The Second Wilson Model | |
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Comparing the Models | |
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Additional Models | |
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Recommend for Further Reading | |
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Metatheories, Paradigms, and Theories | |
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Metatheories, Perspectives, and Paradigms | |
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Metatheories and the Great Divide | |
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Perspectives and Paradigms | |
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Theories | |
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What Is a Theory? | |
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Levels of Theory | |
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Sources of Theory in Information Seeking | |
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Objectivist Research Paradigms | |
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Zipf's Principle of Least Effort and Cost-Benefit | |
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Uses and Gratifications and Expectancy Theory | |
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Uncertainty Management Theory, etc. | |
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Other Objectivist Theories | |
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Interpretivist Research Paradigms | |
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Constructivist, Activity Theory, and Sense-making | |
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Social Constructionism and Discourse Analysis | |
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Phenomenology | |
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Other Interpretivist Paradigms | |
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Mapping the Theoretical Influences on Authors | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Methods for Studying Information Behavior | |
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The Research Process | |
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Relating Theory to Methodology | |
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Why We Need Methods | |
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Techniques of Measurement and Analysis | |
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Basic Considerations in Research | |
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Stages of Research | |
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Induction and Deduction | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Purpose, Units, and Time | |
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Ethics in Research | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Methods: Examples by Type | |
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Types and Examples of Methods | |
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The Case Study: Analyzing an Analyst | |
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Laboratory Experiments: Shopping for Cars | |
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Field Experiments: Reading the Label | |
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Postal Surveys: Information Needs and Issue Relevance | |
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E-mail and Web Surveys: Studying Scholars | |
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Brief Interviews: Studies of Everyday Folks | |
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Intensive Interviews: The Lives of Janitors and Brothers | |
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Focus Group Interviews: Doctors and Nurses Search | |
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Network Analysis: Mongols and Managers | |
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Discourse Analysis: Repertoires and Practices | |
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Diaries and Experience Sampling: Incidents and Alarms | |
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Unobtrusive Approaches: Historical Analysis | |
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Unobtrusive Approaches: Content Analysis | |
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Mixed/Multiple Methods | |
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Meta-Analysis | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Research Results and Reflections | |
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Reviewing the Research: Its History, Size, and Topics | |
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Overview of Part Five | |
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The History of Studying Information Behavior | |
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Estimating the Size of the Literature | |
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Contexts and Categories | |
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Choosing Examples of Studies | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Research by Occupation | |
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By Occupational Category | |
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Scientists and Engineers | |
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Social Scientists | |
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Humanities Scholars | |
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Health Care Providers | |
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Managers | |
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Journalists | |
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Lawyers | |
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Farmers | |
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Other Occupations | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Research by Social Role and Demographic Group | |
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Two Other Ways of Studying People | |
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By Role | |
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Citizen or Voter | |
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Consumer | |
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Hobbyist | |
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Gatekeeper | |
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Patient | |
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Students | |
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Other Roles | |
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By Demographic Group | |
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Age | |
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Racial and Ethnolinguistic Minorities | |
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Socioeconomic Status | |
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Other Demographic Groups | |
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Summary | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Reviewing, Critiquing, Concluding | |
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Reviewing | |
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Critiquing | |
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A History of Complaint | |
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Other Considerations | |
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Conclusions and Trends | |
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Eight Lessons of Information Behavior Research | |
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Trends and Final Thoughts | |
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Recommended for Further Reading | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Discussion and Application | |
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References | |
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Subject Index | |