Americaâ€²s Foreign Policy Toolkit Key Institutions and Processes

Name: Americaâ€²s Foreign Policy Toolkit Key Institutions and Processes
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ISBN: 9781608719853

ISBN-10: 1608719855

ISBN-13: 9781608719853

Edition: 2013 (Revised)

Authors: Charles A. Stevenson

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How is foreign policy in the United States really crafted? Who does the work? How are the various activites of the many key participants coordinated and controlled? In America’s Foreign Policy Toolkit: Key Institutions and Processes, Charles A. Stevenson identifies for students what the key foreign policy tools are, clarifies which tools are best for which tasks, describes the factors that constrain or push how they’re used, and provides fresh insight into the myriad challenges facing national security decisionmakers. Written in an engaging style with case examples drawn from behind the scenes, Stevenson brings depth and dimension to the sophisticated pathways and instruments of American… foreign policy, from the State Department to the intelligence agencies to the Commerce Department and beyond. In this brief text for American foreign policy and national security courses, Stevenson focuses on the institutions and processes of foreign policy, beginning with a look at the historical context and then looking in turn at the tools available to the president, congress, and the shared budgetary tools. The following part, Using the Tools, looks at the diplomatic, economic, military, intelligence, homeland security, and international institutions instruments. Stevenson concludes with chapters that consider the important constraints and limitation of the U.S. toolkit. Each chapter ends with a case study that allows readers to connect the theory of the toolkit with the realities of decisionmaking. Highlights of the text’s coverage include: A sustained analysis of the U.S. Constitution as a response to security threats in the 1780s, providing a strong historical foundation on and springboard for discussion of this basic document in terms of national security powers; Comprehensive coverage of the congressional role overseeing all other policy instruments, showing Congress as an active player in all aspects of foreign policy; Analysis of the full spectrum of agencies and activities involved in foreign economic policy, covering the numerous organizations involved in foreign economic policy, the weak coordinating mechanisms, and the various processes (sanctions, trade, foreign assistance, direct investment) used as policy tools; A consistent framework for analyzing each instrument (authorities, capabilities, personnel, culture, internal factions, and the role of Congress), which makes comparative analyses of U.S. institutions simple and direct; An illuminating overview of the budget process through both the executive and legislative branches, acknowledging the budget process as a shared policy tool, with conflict and feedback, rather than as a linear process; A discussion of homeland security instruments and international organizations used as policy tools, highlighting the relevance of these new and often overlooked instruments; and A survey of recommendations for reform and the difficulties involved, providing possible explanations of foreign policy failures and alternative organizations and processes. This must-have text for courses on American foreign policy will be a crucial reference that students will keep on the shelf long after the last class.

Book details

List price: $95.00
Copyright year: 2013
Publisher: CQ Press
Publication date: 10/2/2012
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 408
Size: 6.00" wide x 9.00" long x 0.62" tall
Weight: 1.584
Language: English

Dr. Charles A. Stevenson teaches courses in American foreign policy at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University. Previously, he was a longtime professor at the National War College, where he directed the core course on the interagency process for national security policy. He has executive branch experience, including service on the Secretary of State's Policy Planning Staff, and served for 22 years as a Senate staffer on defense and foreign policy. He is the author of a study of the congressional role in major military operations, Congress at War ; a historical survey of U.S. civil-military relations, Warriors and Politicians ; and a comparative…



Tables, Figures, and Boxes


Preface


The Purpose of This Book


Organization of the Book


Acknowledgments


About the Author


Introduction: Tools and Tool Users


U.S. Foreign Policy in Action


How Foreign Policy Is Made


The Foreign Policy Toolkit


How This Book Is Organized



Assembling the Tools



The Framers' Design


America Under the Articles of Confederation


Behind Closed Doors in Philadelphia


The New Framework


The Battles for Ratification


First Congress and First Precedents


Selected Resources



Following the Blueprint


The Washington Administration, 1789-1797


John Adams and the Quasi-War With France, 1797-1801


Republican Government, 1800-1828


The Slavery Factor


James Polk, Master Strategist, 1845-1849


America and the World, 1850-1861


Foreign Policy in the Civil War, 1861-1865


Congressional Dominance in the Gilded Age, 1865-1898


Imperial Ambitions, 1898-1913


Woodrow Wilson's Militant Idealism, 1913-1921


Retrenchment in the Jazz Age, 1920-1939


Franklin D. Roosevelt in Peace and War, 1933-1945


The Cold War and After, 1946-


Selected Resources



The President's Toolkit


Presidential Power


Legal Constraints


Political Constraints


Other Constraints on Presidential Choice


Historical Consensus and Dissensus


Presidential Management Styles


Sources of Information


Creation of the White House-Centered National Security Council System


The National Security Council and Staff


Role of the National Security Adviser


Other White House Operatives


National Security Council System: The Scowcroft Model


National Security Council Culture


The Paper Flow


Crisis Management


Process Matters


Foreign Policy Is a Never-Ending Process


Critiques of the Current National Security Council System


Case Study: Obama's Review of Afghanistan Policy


Selected Resources



Congress's Toolkit


How Congress Acts


The Legal Tool


Substantive Versus Procedural Laws


The Money Tool


The Treaty Tool


The Nomination Tool


Oversight Tools


Informal Tools


Congressional Culture


House Culture


Senate Culture


Committee Cultures and Dynamics


Why Congress Acts That Way


Member Motivations


Public Opinion


Congressional Inputs to the National Security Council System


The Effort to Legislate War Powers


Inconsistency in Practice on War Powers


Tying the President's Hands


Should Politics Stop at Water's Edge?


Case Study: Congress and Cuban Independence, 1898


Case Study: Congress Struggles With Apartheid and South Africa


Selected Resources



Shared Tools of the Budgetary Process


Making Policy by Making Budgets


Evolution of the Budget Process


Role and Culture of the Office of Management and Budget


The Official Budget Process in the Executive Branch


The Official Budget Process in Congress


The Money Committees and Their Cultures


The Usual, Real Budget Process


Playing Games With the Budget Tool


Linking Money to Policy


Contingency Funds


Transfers and Reprogramming


Secret Spending


Causes and Cures for Dysfunction


Case Study: Budget Enforcement Act of 1990


Selected Resources



Using the Tools



The Diplomatic Instrument


The Nature of Diplomacy and the Diplomatic Mission


Growth and Professionalization of the State Department


Organization


The Country Team


Leadership


The Changing Foreign Service


State Department Culture


Representation and Engagement


Negotiations


Analyzing and Reporting


Public Diplomacy


Citizen Services


Other Operations


Policy Making


Bureaucratic Rivalries Among State, Defense, and the National Security Council


Congress and the State Department


Case Study: Building the Gulf War Coalition, 1990


Selected Resources



The Economic Instruments


Carrots and Sticks


A Disorganized Toolkit


The Globalized Economy


Key Institutions


National Economic Council


Federal Reserve


Department of the Treasury


United States Trade Representative


Department of Commerce


Department of State


United States Agency for International Development


Department of Defense


Department of Agriculture


Other Organizations


Key Processes


Sanctions


Trade


Exports


Imports


Foreign Assistance


Financial Flows


Foreign Direct Investment


Case Study: The Korean-U.S. Free Trade Agreement


Selected Resources



The Military Instrument


Nature of the Military Instrument


Growth and Professionalization of the Military


Consolidation, Nuclear Weapons, and Jointness


Leadership


People in Many Uniforms


Organization


The Culture of the Pentagon


Use of the Military Instrument


Warfighting


Engaging With Foreign Governments and Militaries


The 911 Force


Planning and Policy Making


Recurring Tensions


The Pentagon in the Interagency Process


Congress and the Pentagon


Case Study: Planning for the 2003 Iraq Invasion


Selected Resources



The Secret Intelligence Instruments


Secret Tools


The Long History of Secret Programs


Major Institutions


Office of the Director of National Intelligence


Central Intelligence Agency


Pentagon Management


Other Intelligence Community Components


Major Processes


Collection


Analysis


Operations


What Presidents Want


Congressional Oversight


Selected Resources



The Homeland Security Instruments


A Brief History of United States Homeland Security


Creation of the Homeland Security System


The Defense Mission


Intelligence Collection and Integration Mission


Critical Infrastructure Mission


Cybersecurity Mission


Biological Protection Mission


Border Security and Immigration Missions


Transportation Security Mission


Emergency Preparedness and Response Missions


The Anomaly of the Secret Service


Culture of the Department of Homeland Security


Homeland Security Council


Strengths and Weaknesses of the Homeland Security System


Congress and Homeland Security


International Aspects of Homeland Security


Areas of Presidential Choice


Case Study: U.S.-Mexican Collaboration on Security


Selected Resources



The International Institutions Instrument


The Role of International Institutions


Ad Hoc Versus Institutional Multilateralism


International Institutions


United Nations


Congress and the United Nations


International Atomic Energy Agency


Regional Institutions


North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe


Organization of American States


Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation


Economic Institutions


G-8 and G-20


The International Monetary Fund and Other International Financial Institutions


World Trade Organization


International Courts


Major Nonstate Actors


Case Study: Using the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as an Instrument of Foreign Policy in Libya, 2011


Selected Resources



Constraints and Limitations on the U.S. Toolkit



Elephants in the Workshop


Public Opinion


The Elite, Attentive, and Mass Publics


Polling Opinions


Presidential Message and Public Support


The Bully Pulpit and Framing


Media


Shaping the Media


Leaks as a Policy Making Tool


The Media as the Shaper


Shrinking Coverage and Shrinking Audience


Advocacy Groups


Stakeholders


Ethnic Identity or Affinity Groups


Lobbyists


Contributors


Impact of Lobbyists and Contributors


Think Tanks


Selected Resources



Missing Tools


Legacy of Reform Proposals


Recommended New Tools


New Organizations and Capabilities


New Processes


New Emphases and Priorities


Impediments to Reform


Mistakes


Entrenched Interests


Genuine Dilemmas


Lack of Resources


Warning Lessons


The Changing Foreign Policy Toolkit


Notes


Index