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| Tables, Figures, and Boxes | |
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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| The Environment of Urban Management | |
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| Managing American Cities in the Twenty-first Century | |
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| Introduction: American Cities Continue to Change and Evolve | |
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| How and Why American Cities Have Changed | |
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| The State of American Cities: Fiscal Affairs | |
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| The State of American Cities: Social and Demographic Conditions | |
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| How Cities Have Improved Their Management Capacity | |
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| Reinventing Government: A Pragmatic Response to Fiscal Crisis | |
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| The New Public Management Model: An Academic Response to REGO | |
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| Systems Analysis and Local Policymaking | |
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| Systems Theory | |
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| Citizen Participation in City Government | |
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| IT's Child-E-Govemment | |
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| Better Management Is Not Enough | |
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| Community Values | |
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| Institutional Inertia | |
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| The Political Environment | |
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| Leadership Qualities | |
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| The Plan of the Book | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Cities and the System of Intergovernmental Relations | |
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| Federalism | |
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| Intergovernmental Relations | |
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| Fiscal Federalism | |
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| The States and the Cities | |
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| Federal-City and State-City Relations: The Issue of Mandates | |
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| Interlocal Relations | |
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| Special Districts: A �Special� Type of Decentralization | |
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| Mechanisms for Coordination: COGs and MPOs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Urban Political Structure | |
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| The Reform Movement | |
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| The Goals and Assumptions of Municipal Government Reformers | |
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| The Characteristics of Reform Government | |
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| The Impact of Reform | |
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| Forms of City Government | |
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| Mayor-Council Government | |
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| Council-Manager Government | |
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| Ballot Type | |
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| Electoral Systems | |
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| Judicial and Legislative Intervention | |
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| The Initiative, the Referendum, and the Recall | |
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| Home Rule and the Legal Status of the City | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Managing Conflict and Delivering Goods and Services in the Modern City | |
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| Urban Policymaking | |
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| The Nature of Urban Policy | |
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| Policymaking as a Relatively Stable, Orderly Series of Events | |
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| Reactive Policymaking | |
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| Trifurcated Policymaking: Allocational, Developmental, and Redistributive Policies | |
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| Chief Executives | |
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| Mayors | |
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| City Managers | |
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| Mayor-Manager Relations | |
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| The City Council | |
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| Council-Manager Relations | |
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| Bureaucrats and Policy | |
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| Bureaucratic Decision Rules | |
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| Bureaucratic Discretion | |
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| Citizens' Influences on City Government | |
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| Elections and Voting | |
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| Political Parties and Interest Groups | |
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| Citizen Participation (Redux) and Citizen Contacts with Local Government | |
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| Citizen Contacts with Local Government | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Urban Planning and Development | |
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| The Nature of City Planning | |
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| Newer Approaches to Planning | |
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| Policy Planning | |
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| Obstacles to Planning | |
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| Planning in a Political Environment | |
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| Planning and Politics | |
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| Planning Activities | |
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| Comprehensive Planning | |
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| Zoning | |
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| Urban Economic Development | |
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| Economic Development as a Process | |
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| The Economic Development Plan | |
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| Strategies and Tools for Economic Development | |
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| Organizing for and Managing Economic Development | |
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| Leading and Managing | |
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| The Politics of Urban Development | |
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| Consensus Building | |
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| Who Participates and Who Benefits | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Decision Making and Analysis | |
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| Approaches to Decision Making | |
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| The Rational-Comprehensive Approach | |
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| Incrementalism | |
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| Mixed Scanning | |
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| The Garbage-Can Model | |
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| Decision-Making Tools | |
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| Quantitative Aids | |
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| Nonquantitative Aids | |
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| Program Analysis and Other Systematic Approaches to Decision Making | |
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| The Analysis Process | |
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| Analysis and Political Feasibility | |
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| Analysis Applications | |
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| Geographic and Management Information Systems: Friends of Analysis | |
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| The Contributions and Limitations of Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Urban Service Delivery | |
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| Goals for Service Delivery | |
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| Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Urban Services | |
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| Benchmarking | |
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| Performance Measures | |
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| Using Measurement Data | |
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| Problems in Using Performance Measures | |
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| Improvements in Employee Performance | |
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| Technological Improvements | |
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| Equity of Services: A Political Goal? | |
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| Responsiveness in Service Delivery | |
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| Alternative Service Delivery | |
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| Contracting Out | |
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| Competitive Contracting | |
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| Intergovernmental Agreements | |
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| Implementing and Evaluating Urban Programs | |
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| Evaluation Designs | |
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| Evaluating Program Evaluation | |
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| Citizen Surveys | |
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| Conducting the Surveys | |
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| Survey Limitations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Internal Management Processes | |
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| The Management Process: Theory and Practice | |
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| Organizations as Open Systems | |
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| Scientific Management | |
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| Humanistic Management | |
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| Leadership | |
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| The Elements of Leadership | |
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| Leadership Traits | |
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| Leadership Styles | |
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| Situational leadership and the �Master Manager� | |
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| Managing for Results (MFR): Management by Objectives (MBO) and Total Quality Management (TQM) | |
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| The New Public Service? | |
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| Management by Objectives | |
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| Total Quality Management | |
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| Potential Problems with Management Techniques New to a City | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Managing Human Resources | |
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| Organizing the Personnel Function | |
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| Structure | |
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| Purpose | |
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| Human Resource Management Functions | |
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| Staffing | |
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| Classification | |
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| Compensation and Performance Appraisal | |
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| Issues in Human Resource Management | |
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| Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action | |
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| Affirmative Action | |
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| The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | |
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| The Courts, EEO, and Selection Procedures | |
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| Comparable Worth | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| Managing Diversity in Municipal Government | |
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| Labor-Management Relations | |
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| Municipal Unions | |
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| Collective Bargaining Procedures | |
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| Municipal Unions in Perspective | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Finance and Budget | |
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| Revenue Raising | |
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| The Municipal Finance System | |
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| Revenue Sources | |
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| Revenue-Raising Alternatives | |
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| The Politics of Revenue Raising | |
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| Expenditures | |
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| Budgeting | |
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| The Budget Process | |
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| The Traditional Approach: Line-Item Budgeting | |
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| Budgetary Reform | |
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| Reinventing Budgeting | |
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| Capital Improvement Planning and Budgeting | |
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| Whither City Budgeting? | |
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| Managing Municipal Finances | |
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| Forming Goals and Objectives | |
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| Planning and Budgeting | |
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| Reporting and Monitoring | |
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| Evaluating | |
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| The Integrated Financial Information System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Urban Future | |
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| Managing the Urban Future | |
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| Management and Leadership in an Age of Permanent Fiscal Crisis | |
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| The Job of the Urban Manager | |
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| Leadership within the Municipal Organization | |
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| Managing Politics | |
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| Ensuring Ethical Behavior | |
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| Managing the Twenty-first Century At-Risk City | |
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| A Call to Service | |
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| Suggested For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |