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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Growth | |
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| Cells and Seeds: Basics and Beginnings | |
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| Cells | |
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| Cell Walls | |
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| Wall Structure and Cell Growth | |
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| Growth Processes | |
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| Meristems | |
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| Seed Coats | |
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| Food-Storage Structures and the Embryo | |
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| Seed Germination | |
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| Other Germination Requirements | |
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| Roots and Shoots: How Plants Mature | |
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| Root Systems | |
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| Root Growth | |
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| Root Hairs and Branches | |
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| Primary Growth in Stems | |
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| Development of a Woody Twig | |
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| Features of a Woody Twig | |
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| Leaves | |
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| Plants as Food: Human Selection of Edible Plants | |
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| Organization | |
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| Inside Stems | |
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| Herbaceous Stems | |
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| Stem Thickening | |
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| Other Features of Wood | |
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| Monocot Stems | |
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| Inside Roots and Leaves | |
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| A Root's Primary Tissues | |
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| Secondary Growth in Roots | |
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| Cellular Organization in Leaves | |
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| Plant Cell Types | |
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| Plants as Food: Implications of Global Warming | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Adaptations for Protection | |
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| The Garden Habitat | |
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| Environmental Modification | |
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| Limiting Factors | |
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| Protection in Extreme Environments | |
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| Protection against Animals | |
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| Protection by Camouflage | |
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| Protection by Ants | |
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| Wound Healing | |
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| Chemical Protection | |
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| Mode of Operation of Chemical Protectants | |
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| Other Methods of Defense | |
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| Adaptations to Fulfill Basic Needs | |
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| Competition between Plants | |
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| Reaching toward the Sun | |
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| Spreading Stems | |
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| Climbing Structures | |
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| Lianas and Epiphytes | |
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| Supportive Roots | |
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| Special Methods of Water Uptake | |
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| Adaptations for Water Storage | |
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| Underground Food-and Water-Storage Organs | |
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| Saprophytes and Parasites | |
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| Mycorrhizae and Root Nodules | |
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| Insectivorous Plants | |
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| Plants as Food: What is Genetic Engineering? | |
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| Functions | |
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| Control of Growth and Development | |
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| Growth Responses to Light | |
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| Responses to Gravity and Touch | |
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| Other Growth Movements in Plants | |
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| Hormones and the Aging Process | |
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| Control of Branching and Adventitious Root Formation | |
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| Other Hormone Effects: Synthetic Growth Regulators | |
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| Environmental Control: Temperature | |
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| Vernalization | |
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| Environmental Control: Photoperiod | |
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| The Uptake and Use of Water, Minerals, and Light | |
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| Osmosis: The Cell's Water Pump | |
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| Development of Root Pressure | |
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| Transpirational Pull | |
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| Cold Hardening | |
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| Mineral Nutrient Needs | |
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| Soils | |
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| The Photosynthetic Apparatus | |
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| Light Transformed into the Energy in Food | |
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| The Photosynthetic Process | |
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| Gas Exchange with the Atmosphere | |
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| Nature's Hidden Details | |
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| Reproduction | |
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| From Flowers to Fruits | |
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| Flower Parts and their Functions | |
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| Pollination by Animals | |
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| Road Maps and Rewards | |
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| Inflorescences | |
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| Pollination by Wind and Water | |
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| Pollination Alternatives | |
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| The Reproductive Process | |
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| Seedless Fruits and Unusual Embryos | |
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| Fruit Types | |
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| Seed Dispersal | |
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| The Cost of Reproduction | |
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| Strategies of Inheritance | |
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| Genetics: The Science of Heredity | |
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| Mitosis and Meiosis | |
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| The Life Cycle of a Moss | |
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| The Life Cycle of a Fern | |
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| The Two Generations of Flowering Plants | |
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| Chromosome Segregation during Meiosis | |
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| Gene Segregation during Meiosis | |
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| Consequences of Imperfection | |
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| The Origins of Polyploidy | |
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| Custom-Made Plants of the Future | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| About Plant Names | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Index | |