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| Preface | |
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| Empirical and Nonempirical Research: An Overview | |
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| Systematic Inquiry | |
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| Some Roles for Research | |
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| Types of Research | |
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| Variables | |
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| Getting Started with Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Ethical Considerations | |
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| Protection of Human Participants | |
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| Special Protections | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Institutional Review Boards | |
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| Research Integrity | |
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| Avoiding Conflicts of Interest | |
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| Credit for Intellectual Effort | |
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| Attribution of Ideas | |
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| Accuracy in Reporting Information | |
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| Data Management | |
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| Confidentiality and Privacy | |
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| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix 2-1: Research Scenario | |
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| Identifying and Formulating Research Questions | |
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| Identifying Important Questions | |
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| Formulating Research Questions | |
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| Ways to Formulate a Research Problem | |
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| Evidence-Based Practice Questions | |
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| Criteria for Well-Formed Questions | |
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| Establishing Validity and Reliability | |
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| Summary | |
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| Completing a Literature Search | |
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| Purposes of a Literature Search | |
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| Planning and Conducting a Search | |
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| Search Tools | |
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| Designing a Search Strategy | |
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| Organizing and Documenting Your Literature Search | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix 4-1: Electronic Literature Search | |
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| Nonexperimental Research Design | |
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| Nonexperimental Research Designs | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Longitudinal Research | |
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| Correlation and Regression | |
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| Group Comparisons | |
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| Causal-Comparative Research | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| Grounded Theory | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Conversation Analysis | |
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| Scientific Rigor in Qualitative Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Experimental Research and Levels of Evidence | |
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| Experimental Research Designs | |
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| Posttest-Only Designs | |
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| Pretest-Posttest Randomized Control Group Design | |
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| Solomon Randomized Four-Group Design | |
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| Switching Replications Design | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Importance of Experimental Control | |
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| History | |
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| Maturation | |
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| Statistical Regression | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Selection | |
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| Mortality | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Approaches | |
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| Nonequivalent Control Group Designs | |
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| Repeated Measures Group Design | |
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| Single Subject Designs | |
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| Experimental Designs and Levels of Evidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix 6-1: Research Scenario | |
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| Research Participants and Sampling | |
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| Populations and Samples | |
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| Sample Characteristics | |
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| Sampling Methods | |
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| Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Systematic Sampling | |
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| Stratified Random Sampling | |
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| Cluster Sampling | |
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| Purposive Sampling | |
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| Random Assignment | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Summary | |
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| Data Analysis: Describing Different Types of Data | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Visual Representation of Data | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Frequencies and Percentages | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Shapes of Distributions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Data Analysis: Inferential Statistics | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Measures of Association | |
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| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Coefficient of Determination | |
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| Spearman Rank-Order Correlation | |
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| Chi Square and Contingency Coefficient | |
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| Simple Regression and Multiple Regression | |
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| Testing for Differences Between Two Samples | |
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| Independent and Paired t-Tests | |
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| Mann-Whitney U | |
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| Sign Test and Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test | |
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| Testing for Differences among Three or More Samples | |
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| Statistical Analysis for Factorial Designs | |
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| Additional Tools for Analyzing Clinical Data | |
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| Caution in the Use and Reporting of Statistics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Research Outcomes: Clinical Guidance, Research Reports | |
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| Knowledge Base for Evaluating Clinical Research | |
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| Critical Appraisal | |
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| How Applicable Are the Findings | |
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| Reporting Research Findings | |
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| Components of a Research Report | |
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| More on the Review of Literature | |
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| Writing Guidelines and Writing Style | |
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| Disseminating Research Findings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Index | |