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| Preface | |
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| Theoretical Foundations | |
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| The Human Condition | |
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| Human Societies: Their Place in Nature | |
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| Societies as Adaptive Mechanisms | |
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| A Definition of Human Societies | |
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| Understanding Human Societies: Basic Assumptions | |
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| Human Societies and the Environment | |
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| Human Societies: Their Genetic Heritage | |
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| Human Cultures: A New and Unique Mode of Adaptation and a New and Unique Kind of Heritage | |
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| Human Societies: The Basic Model | |
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| Excursus: A Brief History of Sociology | |
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| Human Societies as Sociocultural Systems | |
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| Human Societies as Systems | |
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| The Five Basic Components of Human Societies | |
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| Population | |
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| Culture | |
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| Material Products | |
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| Social Organization | |
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| Social Institutions and Institutional Systems | |
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| The World System of Societies | |
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| The Evolution of Human Societies | |
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| Forces Promoting Social and Cultural Continuity | |
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| Forces Promoting Social and Cultural Change | |
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| Forms of Innovation | |
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| Causes of Innovation | |
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| Variations in the Rate of Innovation | |
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| Forces of Selection | |
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| Intrasocietal Selection | |
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| Intersocietal Selection | |
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| Societal Growth and Development | |
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| Subsistence Technology's Role in Sociocultural Evolution | |
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| Ideology's Role in Sociocultural Evolution | |
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| A Model of the Evolution of the World System of Societies | |
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| Excursus: A Comparison of Biological and Sociocultural Evolution | |
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| Types of Human Societies | |
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| Classifying Human Societies | |
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| Societal Types through History | |
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| Historical Eras | |
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| Differences among Types of Societies | |
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| Size of Societies | |
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| Permanence of Settlements | |
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| Societal Complexity | |
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| Ideology | |
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| Societal Types: What They Are and What They Are Not | |
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| Technological Determinism Rejected | |
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| Preindustrial Societies | |
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| Hunting and Gathering Societies | |
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| The Emergence of Homo Sapiens Sapiens prior to 100,000 b.c.: Establishing a Genetic Foundation for Cultural Evolution | |
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| Hunting and Gathering Societies 100,000 b.c. to 8,000 b.c.: Cultural Evolution Takes Over | |
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| Hunting and Gathering Societies of the Recent Past | |
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| Population | |
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| Kinship | |
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| The Economy | |
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| The Polity | |
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| Stratification | |
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| Religion | |
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| Education | |
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| The Arts and Leisure | |
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| Tribal Ties: Links between Societies | |
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| Hunting and Gathering Societies in Theoretical Perspective | |
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| Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence Compared | |
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| A Model of Limited Development | |
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| The Last Hunting and Gathering Societies | |
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| Horticultural Societies | |
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| Causes of the Shift from Hunting and Gathering to Horticulture | |
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| The Technology of Horticulture | |
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| Simple Horticultural Societies in Prehistoric Asia and Europe | |
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| The First Great Social Revolution | |
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| Simple Horticultural Societies in the Modern Era | |
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| Population and Economy | |
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| The Continuing Importance of Kinship | |
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| Developments in Polity, Stratification, and Warfare | |
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| Advanced Horticultural Societies in Prehistoric Asia and Europe | |
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| The Shift from Stone to Metals | |
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| Social Consequences of Metal Tools and Weapons | |
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| Advanced Horticultural Societies in the Modern Era | |
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| Increased Size and Complexity | |
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| Political Development | |
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| Horticultural Societies in Southeast Asia | |
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| Horticultural Societies in Theoretical Perspective | |
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| Excursus: Race, Environment, and Societal Development | |
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| Agrarian Societies | |
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| Simple Agrarian Societies | |
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| Technology | |
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| Religion and the Growth of the Economic Surplus | |
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| Population: Growth in Size of Communities and Societies | |
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| The Polity: Growth of the State | |
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| The Economy: The First Monetary Systems and the Growth of Trade | |
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| Stratification: Increasing Inequality | |
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| Slowdown in the Rate of Technological Innovation | |
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| Advanced Agrarian Societies | |
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| Technology | |
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| Population: Continuing Trends | |
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| The Economy: Increasing Differentiation | |
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| The Polity: Continuing Development of the State | |
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| Religion: The Emergence of Universal Faiths | |
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| Kinship: Changing Significance in Society | |
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| The Role of Women in Agrarian Societies | |
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| Leisure and the Arts | |
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| Stratification: Increasing Complexity | |
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| Variations on Agrarian Themes | |
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| Agrarian Societies in Theoretical Perspective | |
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| Some Evolutionary Bypaths and a Brief Review | |
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| Environmentally Specialized Societal Types | |
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| Fishing Societies | |
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| Herding Societies | |
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| Maritime Societies | |
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| A Brief Review: Sociocultural Evolution to the Eve of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| Industrial Societies and Industrializing Societies | |
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| The Industrial Revolution | |
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| Causes of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| The Accumulation of Information in the Agrarian Era | |
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| Advances in Water Transportation and the Conquest of the New World | |
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| The Printing Press and the Spread of Information | |
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| Advances in Agriculture | |
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| A Model of the Causes of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| A Brief History of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| First Phase: Steam Engines, Iron, Coal, Textile Machines, Factories | |
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| Second Phase: Railroads, Steamships, Steel, Rubber, Farm Machines | |
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| Third Phase: Automobiles, Airplanes, Telephones, Electricity, Petroleum, Radios, Movies | |
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| Fourth Phase: Television, Computers, Transistors, the Internet, Plastics, Globalization | |
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| Key Innovations: New Energy, New Machines, New Materials | |
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| A Caution: The Dark Side of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| Causes of the Continuing Industrial Revolution | |
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| Greater Informational Resources and a Larger Population | |
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| Changing Attitudes toward Innovation | |
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| The Rise of Modern Science | |
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| War | |
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| Environmental Feedback | |
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| The Desire for Ever Higher Standards of Living | |
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| Varying Levels of Industrialization in the World System of Societies | |
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| Consequences of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| Initial Consequences | |
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| Long-Run Consequences: An Overview | |
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| Industrial Societies: Technologies and Economies | |
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| The Technological Foundation of Industrial Societies | |
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| The Economies of Industrial Societies | |
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| The Urbanization of Production | |
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| Rise in Productivity and in the Standard of Living | |
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| The Shift from Labor-Intensive to Capital-Intensive Industries | |
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| Changes in the Labor Force | |
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| The Rise of Market Economies | |
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| Moves toward Mixed Economies | |
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| Evolution of the Modern Corporation | |
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| Globalization: Increasing Economic Integration of the World Economy | |
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| Industrial Societies: Ideologies and Polities | |
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| Ideologies in Industrial Societies | |
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| Theistic Religions | |
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| New Secular Ideologies | |
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| Differences among Industrial Societies | |
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| The Polities of Industrial Societies | |
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| The Democratic Trend | |
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| Democracy as a Variable | |
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| Causes of the Democratic Trend | |
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| Mass Political Parties | |
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| Special Interest Groups | |
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| The Mass Media | |
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| Political Conflict and Stability | |
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| The Growth of Government | |
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| Governmental Bureaucracies: Their Expansion and Transformation | |
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| Political Globalization and the Challenge to the New World Order | |
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| Industrial Societies: Social Stratification | |
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| Stratification in Industrial Societies | |
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| Political Stratification | |
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| The Distribution of Income | |
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| The Distribution of Wealth | |
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| Occupational Stratification | |
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| Educational Stratification | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Stratification | |
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| Age and Sex Stratification | |
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| Vertical Mobility | |
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| Social Inequality: Two Basic Trends | |
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| Industrial Societies: Population, the Family, and Leisure | |
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| Population | |
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| Growth in Size of Societies | |
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| Trends in Health and Longevity | |
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| Declining Birthrates and Increasing Immigration | |
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| Population Distribution: The Growth of Urban Populations | |
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| The Family | |
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| Changing Functions of the Family | |
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| Causes of Change in the Family | |
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| The Nuclear Family in Industrial Societies | |
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| The Changing Role of Women | |
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| The Changing Role of Youth | |
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| The Generation Gap | |
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| Leisure and the Arts | |
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| Problems and Progress | |
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| Industrial Societies in Theoretical Perspective | |
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| Industrializing Hybrid Societies | |
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| Two Types of Industrializing Societies | |
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| Economies and Population Growth | |
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| Ideologies | |
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| Polities and Conflicts | |
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| Social Stratification | |
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| Education | |
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| Kinship | |
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| The Status of Women | |
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| Industrializing Societies in Theoretical Perspective | |
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| Major Social Experiments of the Twentieth Century: Testing the Limits of the Possible | |
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| Some Successful Experiments | |
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| A Tragically Flawed Experiment | |
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| Some Successes and Partial Successes | |
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| The Failures | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Lessons to Be Learned | |
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| Excursus: Is Free Market Capitalism the Cure? | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Looking Back | |
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| The Divergent Path | |
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| The Question of Progress | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Population | |
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| Natural Resources and the Biophysical Environment | |
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| Technology | |
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| Ideology | |
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| Polity | |
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| Economy | |
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| The World System | |
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| The Higher Goals | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Web Pages of Interest | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Notes | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |