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| Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, an Important and Interesting Discipline at the Interface between Medical and Natural Sciences | |
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| Basic Concepts from Physics and Mechanics | |
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| Force | |
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| Moment | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Mechanical stress | |
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| Mechanical work, energy and power | |
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| Stability and instability | |
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| Vector Algebra | |
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| The trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent | |
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| Representation of vectors | |
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| Addition of vectors: graphical procedure in the two-dimensional case | |
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| Addition of vectors: numerical procedure | |
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| Decomposition of a vector into vector addends | |
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| Multiplication of vectors: scalar product and vector product | |
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| Translation and Rotation in a Plane | |
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| Translation | |
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| Rotation | |
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| Combined translation and rotation | |
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| Instantaneous center of rotation | |
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| Error influences when describing a motion | |
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| Mechanical Equilibrium | |
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| Conditions of static mechanical equilibrium | |
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| Example: calculation of an unknown moment in the state of static equilibrium | |
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| Example: calculation of an unknown force in the state of static equilibrium | |
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| Example: calculation of the joint force of a beam balance in static equilibrium | |
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| Material Properties of Solid Materials | |
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| Elongation and compression | |
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| Shear | |
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| Elastic, viscoelastic, and plastic deformation | |
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| Hardness | |
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| Friction | |
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| Fracture | |
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| Deformation and Strength of Structures | |
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| Experimental determination of deformation and strength | |
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| Deformation and strength of beam-like structures | |
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| Deformation of a beam under tension or compression | |
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| Bending of a beam fixed at one end | |
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| Torsion of a beam around its long axis | |
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| Estimation of the Load Transmitted by Joints of the Human Locomotor System by Means of a Biomechanical Model Calculation | |
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| Calculation of a joint load in the static case, illustrated with the example of the elbow joint | |
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| Determination of the joint force in the dynamic case, illustrated with the example of the ankle joint | |
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| Determination of the joint force if more than one muscle or ligament force has to be taken into account | |
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| Mechanical Aspects of the Hip Joint | |
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| Load on the hip joint in the stance phase of slow gait | |
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| Influencing the load on the hip joint by gait technique, walking aids, or surgical interventions | |
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| Determination of the load on the hip joint by gait analysis | |
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| Measurement of the load on the hip joint by instrumented joint replacement | |
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| Determination of the stress distribution on the surface of the hip joint | |
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| Measurement of the pressure distribution on the surface of the hip joint | |
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| Pressure on the articular surface as a primary cause of arthrosis of the hip joint | |
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| Mechanical Aspects of the Knee | |
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| Features common to all joints, illustrated by the example of the knee joint | |
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| Motion of the knee joint | |
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| Load on the femorotibial and femoropatellar joint | |
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| Pressure distribution in the femoropatellar joint | |
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| Loading of the cruciate ligaments | |
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| Mechanical Aspects of the Lumbar Spine | |
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| Rotational and translational motion of the vertebrae in flexion and extension | |
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| Calculation of the loading of the lumbar spine: two-dimensional model | |
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| The role of intra-abdominal pressure | |
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| Calculation of the loading of the lumbar spine: three-dimensional model | |
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| Determination of the loading of the lumbar spine from measurements of intradiskal pressure | |
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| Determination of the load on the lumbar spine from measurements of stature change | |
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| Recommendations for carrying and lifting | |
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| Mechanical properties of lumbar intervertebral disks | |
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| Deformation of disks under load | |
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| Pressure distribution over the vertebral endplates | |
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| Intradiskal pressure and mechanical function of the disk | |
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| Compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae | |
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| Fracture of the vertebral arch | |
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| Sequence of events: overload injury--low back pain--work loss--disability? A warning | |
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| Mechanical Aspects of the Shoulder | |
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| Joints of the shoulder girdle | |
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| Loading of the glenohumeral joint | |
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| Stability of the glenohumeral joint | |
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| Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle | |
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| Skeletal muscle morphology | |
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| The force--length relationship | |
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| The force--velocity relationship | |
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| Theoretical modeling of skeletal muscle behavior | |
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| Mechanical properties of tendons | |
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| Force regulation in skeletal muscles | |
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| Relationship between force and electromyography (EMG) | |
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| Muscle architecture | |
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| Skeletal muscle mechanics | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Bones | |
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| Architecture of the bone tissue | |
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| Stress and strain of inhomogeneous, anisotropic materials | |
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| Material properties of cortical bone | |
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| Architecture and material properties of trabecular bone | |
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| Measurement of bone density and bone mineral content in vivo | |
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| Determination of the fracture risk of proximal femur and lumbar vertebrae in vivo | |
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| Adaptation of bones to mechanical demands | |
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| Mechanical Aspects of Skin | |
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| Anatomical basics | |
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| Material properties | |
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| Reaction of the skin to mechanical factors | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Loading of the Lumbar Spine when Sitting or Standing | |
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| Loading of the lumbar spine, determined by measurement of intradiskal pressure | |
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| Loading of the lumbar spine, determined from measurement of stature change | |
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| Loading of the lumbar spine, determined by an EMG-assisted model calculation | |
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| Biomechanical model comparing spinal loading in sitting and standing | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| What do we Know about Primary Mechanical Causes of Lumbar Disk Prolapse? | |
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| Studies in vitro | |
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| Influence of posture on disk bulge and prolapse | |
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| Epidemiological studies of the relation between heavy physical exertions and the prevalence of lumbar disk prolapse | |
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| Conclusions and outlook | |
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| Influence of Physical Activity on Architecture and Density of Bones. An Overview of Observations in Humans | |
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| Methods for measuring bone density and bone mineral content | |
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| Effects of increased mechanical loading | |
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| Effects of reduced mechanical loading | |
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| Summary and outlook | |
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| Mathematical Description of Translation and Rotation in a Plane | |
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| Cartesian coordinates | |
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| Translation | |
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| Rotation | |
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| Motion combining translation and rotation | |
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| Determination of the imaging parameters from two points and their images | |
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| Matrix notation | |
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| Mathematical Description of Translation and Rotation in Three-Dimensional Space | |
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| Is it really necessary to deal with the description of three-dimensional rotations in the context of orthopedic biomechanics? | |
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| Matrix notation | |
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| Coordinates and vectors | |
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| Coordinate transformations | |
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| Translation in three-dimensional space | |
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| Rotation in three-dimensional space | |
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| Rotations about the coordinate axes | |
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| Combined rotation made up of a sequence of rotations | |
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| Euler and Bryant-Cardan angles | |
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| Rotation about an arbitrary axis | |
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| Motion in three-dimensional space, combined from rotation and translation. Chasles' Theorem | |
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| Calculation of the parameters of rotation and translation in three-dimensional space from the coordinates of reference points and their images | |
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| Parameters of the motion of a body observed in a laboratory coordinate system | |
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| Parameters describing the relative motion of two bodies | |
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| Dealing with Errors | |
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| Mean and variance | |
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| Biological variance | |
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| Comparing precision among measuring methods or among investigators | |
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| Error propagation | |
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| Calculation of a propagated error using the example of an angle defined by the end points of two straight lines | |
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| Method of least squares | |
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| Regression line | |
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| Fit of two sets of points by translation and rotation | |
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| Designations and Units | |
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| Index | |