Introduction to CNC | p. 1 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
The Evolution of NC | p. 2 |
Microcomputer Technology | p. 7 |
Computer Basics | p. 9 |
NC Applications | p. 9 |
Milling | p. 9 |
Turning | p. 9 |
Wire EDM | p. 9 |
Laser, Flame, and Plasma | p. 11 |
Punching and Nibbling | p. 11 |
Robots and CNC | p. 11 |
Controller Standards | p. 12 |
CNC Controllers | p. 14 |
EIA and ISO Standards | p. 14 |
Conversational (Nonstandard) | p. 15 |
The CNC Process | p. 15 |
Flow of CNC Processing | p. 16 |
Flow of Computer-Aided CNC Processing | p. 16 |
Quality Control | p. 16 |
Lab Exercises | p. 17 |
CNC Fundamentals and Vocabulary | p. 19 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 19 |
Axis and Motion Nomenclature | p. 21 |
The Right-Hand Rule of Coordinates | p. 21 |
CNC Milling Fundamentals | p. 23 |
The Cartesian Graph for CNC Milling | p. 23 |
Absolute Coordinates for Milling | p. 24 |
Incremental Coordinates for Milling | p. 26 |
Exercises | p. 26 |
CNC Turning Fundamentals | p. 27 |
Diameter Versus Radius Programming | p. 29 |
Absolute Coordinates for Turning | p. 30 |
Incremental Coordinates for Turning | p. 31 |
Exercises | p. 32 |
Lab Exercises | p. 33 |
Programming Concepts | p. 35 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 36 |
Flow of CNC Processing | p. 36 |
Preparing a Program | p. 36 |
CNC Codes | p. 37 |
Three Major Phases of a CNC Program | p. 38 |
Using a Programming Sheet | p. 40 |
Block Format | p. 40 |
Preparing to Program | p. 41 |
Develop an Order of Operations | p. 41 |
Do All the Necessary Math and Complete a Coordinate Sheet | p. 41 |
Choose Your Tooling and Calculate Speeds and Feedrates | p. 42 |
Program Zero | p. 43 |
Tool Motion | p. 44 |
Using Canned Cycles | p. 44 |
Tooling | p. 45 |
Drilling | p. 46 |
Milling | p. 46 |
Punching and Nibbling | p. 46 |
Turning | p. 47 |
Feedrates and Spindle Speeds | p. 48 |
Cutting Fluids | p. 49 |
Lab Exercises | p. 50 |
Interactive Simulation Software | p. 51 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 51 |
Installation and Setup | p. 52 |
Installing and Running the Workshop | p. 52 |
Default Configuration | p. 54 |
The User Interface | p. 55 |
Accessing Menu Options | p. 56 |
Menus | p. 57 |
File | p. 57 |
Setup | p. 60 |
Offset Registers | p. 61 |
Options | p. 62 |
Workpiece | p. 63 |
View | p. 64 |
Simulate | p. 66 |
Help | p. 68 |
Getting Started | p. 68 |
Loading and Running a Sample CNC File | p. 68 |
Editing an Existing Program | p. 69 |
Writing and Executing Your Own CNC Program | p. 69 |
Saving a New CNC File | p. 70 |
Printing the Current CNC Program File | p. 70 |
Exiting the Simulator | p. 70 |
CNC Milling | p. 71 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 71 |
Letter Address Listing | p. 72 |
G-Codes | p. 74 |
G00 Positioning in Rapid | p. 74 |
G01 Linear Interpolation | p. 76 |
G02 Circular Interpolation (CW) | p. 78 |
G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW) | p. 79 |
G04 Dwell | p. 81 |
G17 XY Plane | p. 82 |
G18 XZ Plane | p. 83 |
G19 YZ Plane | p. 84 |
G20/G70 Imperial Inch Units | p. 85 |
G21/G71 Metric, or S1 Units | p. 86 |
G28 Automatic Return to Reference Point | p. 87 |
G29 Automatic Return from Reference Point | p. 88 |
G40 Cutter Compensation Cancel | p. 89 |
G41 Cutter Compensation Left | p. 90 |
G42 Cutter Compensation Right | p. 93 |
G43 Tool Length Compensation (Plus) | p. 95 |
G44 Tool Length Compensation (Minus) | p. 96 |
G49 Tool Length Compensation Cancel | p. 97 |
G54-G59 Workpiece Coordinate Systems | p. 98 |
G73 High-Speed Deep Hole Drilling Cycle | p. 99 |
G80 Cancel Canned Cycles | p. 100 |
G81 Drilling Cycle | p. 101 |
G82 Spot Drilling Cycle | p. 102 |
G83 Deep Hole Drilling Cycle | p. 104 |
G90 Absolute Positioning | p. 105 |
G91 Incremental Positioning | p. 106 |
G92 Reposition Origin Point | p. 107 |
G98 Set Initial Plane Rapid Default | p. 108 |
G99 Set Rapid to Retract Plane | p. 108 |
M-Codes | p. 109 |
M00 Program Stop | p. 109 |
M01 Optional Program Stop | p. 110 |
M02 Program End | p. 111 |
M03 Spindle on Clockwise | p. 112 |
M04 Spindle on Counterclockwise | p. 112 |
M05 Spindle Stop | p. 113 |
M06 Tool Change | p. 114 |
M07/M08 Coolant On | p. 115 |
M09 Coolant Off | p. 115 |
M10 Clamps On | p. 116 |
M11 Clamps Off | p. 117 |
M30 Program End, Reset to Start | p. 118 |
M98 Call Subprogram | p. 118 |
M99 Return from Subprogram | p. 120 |
Block Skip | p. 121 |
Comments | p. 122 |
Step-by-Step Milling Examples | p. 123 |
Lab Exercises | p. 159 |
Turning | p. 161 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 161 |
Letter Address Listing | p. 162 |
G-Codes | p. 164 |
G00 Positioning in Rapid | p. 165 |
G01 Linear Interpolation | p. 166 |
G02 Circular Interpolation (CW) | p. 167 |
G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW) | p. 169 |
G04 Dwell | p. 170 |
G20 Inch Units | p. 171 |
G21 Metric Units | p. 172 |
G28 Automatic Zero Return | p. 173 |
G29 Return from Zero Return Position | p. 173 |
G32 Simple Thread Cycle | p. 175 |
G40 Tool Nose Radius (TNR) Compensation Cancel | p. 175 |
G41 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Left | p. 176 |
G42 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Right | p. 177 |
G50 Coordinate System Setting or Programming Absolute Zero | p. 179 |
G54-G59 Work Coordinate Systems | p. 180 |
G70 Finishing Cycle | p. 180 |
G71 Rough Turning Cycle | p. 181 |
G72 Rough Facing Cycle | p. 183 |
G74 Peck Drilling Cycle | p. 184 |
G75 Grooving Cycle | p. 186 |
G76 Threading Cycle | p. 187 |
G90 Absolute Positioning | p. 188 |
G91 Incremental Positioning | p. 188 |
G96 Constant Surface Speed Setting | p. 189 |
G97 Constant Spindle Speed | p. 190 |
G98 Linear Feedrate per Time | p. 191 |
G99 Feedrate per Revolution | p. 192 |
M-Codes | p. 193 |
M00 Program Stop | p. 193 |
M01 Optional Program Stop | p. 194 |
M02 Program End | p. 195 |
M03 Spindle on Clockwise | p. 196 |
M04 Spindle on Counterclockwise | p. 197 |
M05 Spindle Stop | p. 197 |
M07 Coolant 1 On | p. 198 |
M08 Coolant 2 On | p. 199 |
M09 Coolant Off | p. 200 |
M30 End of Program, Reset to Start | p. 201 |
Block Skip | p. 201 |
Comments | p. 203 |
Step-by-Step Turning Examples | p. 203 |
Lab Exercises | p. 237 |
Introduction to CAD/CAM | p. 239 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 239 |
The Basic CAD/CAM System | p. 240 |
Computer-Aided Design | p. 240 |
AutoCAD | p. 242 |
Computer-Aided Manufacturing | p. 243 |
EdgeCAM | p. 245 |
Introduction to EdgeCAM | p. 247 |
Example of Creating Geometry in EdgeCAM | p. 252 |
MasterCAM | p. 276 |
Example of Creating Geometry in MasterCAM | p. 277 |
The CAD/CAM System | p. 297 |
Overall Benefits of CAD/CAM | p. 298 |
Design | p. 298 |
Drafting | p. 298 |
Manufacturing | p. 298 |
Management Control | p. 299 |
Concurrent Engineering | p. 299 |
Product Quality | p. 299 |
Lab Exercises | p. 300 |
Workbook Exercises | p. 301 |
Chapter Objectives | p. 301 |
Workbook Exercises | p. 302 |
A Review | p. 302 |
Calculating Diametrical Coordinates for Turning | p. 304 |
Calculating Coordinates for Simple Drilling and Slotting | p. 304 |
Lathe Profile Programming | p. 305 |
Drilling Bolt Holes | p. 306 |
Circular Arc Moves | p. 307 |
Mill Profiling | p. 309 |
Material Removal for Turning | p. 310 |
Material Removal for Milling | p. 313 |
Advanced Exercises | p. 315 |
Exercise 10 | p. 315 |
Exercise 11 | p. 318 |
Answers to Lab Exercises | p. 323 |
Lab Exercises | p. 323 |
In-Text Exercises | p. 324 |
Milling Exercises | p. 324 |
Turning Exercises | p. 324 |
Lab Exercises | p. 324 |
Lab Exercises | p. 325 |
Lab Exercises | p. 326 |
Lab Exercises | p. 326 |
Lab Exercises | p. 327 |
Workbook Exercises | p. 327 |
Workbook Exercise 1 | p. 327 |
Workbook Exercise 2 | p. 329 |
Workbook Exercise 3 | p. 329 |
Workbook Exercise 4 | p. 329 |
Workbook Exercise 5 | p. 330 |
Workbook Exercise 6 | p. 332 |
Workbook Exercise 7 | p. 334 |
Workbook Exercise 8 | p. 335 |
Workbook Exercise 9 | p. 336 |
Workbook Exercise 10 | p. 337 |
Workbook Exercise 11 | p. 342 |
Appendix B | p. 345 |
Cutting Speeds and Feedrates | p. 345 |
Formulas | p. 345 |
Feedrates (Inch) | p. 345 |
Feedrates (Metric) | p. 345 |
Milling Material Table (Inch Version) | p. 346 |
Milling Material Table (Metric Version) | p. 346 |
Lathe Material File (Inch Version) | p. 347 |
Lathe Material File (Metric Version) | p. 348 |
Appendix C | p. 349 |
Blank Programming Sheets | p. 350 |
Technical Support | p. 361 |
Glossary | p. 363 |
Index | p. 373 |
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