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| The Contemporary Internet | |
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| Evolution of the Internet | |
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| Origins and Recent History of the Internet | |
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| From ARPANET to NSFNET | |
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| The Internet Today | |
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| NSFNET Solicitations | |
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| Network Access Points | |
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| What Is a NAP? | |
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| NAP Manager Solicitation | |
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| Federal Internet eXchange | |
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| Commercial Internet eXchange | |
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| Current Physical Configurations at the NAP | |
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| An Alternative to NAPs: Direct Interconnections | |
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| Routing Arbiter Project | |
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| The Very High Speed Backbone Network Service | |
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| Transitioning the Regional Networks from the NSFNET | |
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| NSF Solicits NIS Managers | |
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| Network Information Services | |
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| Creation of the InterNIC | |
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| Directory and Database Services | |
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| Registration Services | |
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| NIC Support Services | |
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| Other Internet Registries | |
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| ARIN | |
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| RIPE NCC | |
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| APNIC | |
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| Internet Routing Registries | |
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| The Once and Future Internet | |
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| Next-Generation Internet Initiative | |
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| Internet2 | |
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| Abilene | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| ISP Services and Characteristics | |
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| ISP Services | |
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| Dedicated Internet Access | |
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| Frame Relay and ATM Internet Access | |
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| Dialup Services | |
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| Digital Subscriber Line | |
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| Cable Modems | |
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| Dedicated Hosting Services | |
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| Other ISP Services | |
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| ISP Service Pricing, Service-Level Agreements, and Technical Characteristics | |
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| ISP Service Pricing | |
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| Service-Level Agreements | |
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| ISP Backbone Selection Criteria | |
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| Demarcation Point | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| IP Addressing and Allocation Techniques | |
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| History of Internet Addressing | |
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| Basic IP Addressing | |
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| Basic IP Subnetting | |
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| VLSMs | |
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| IP Address Space Depletion | |
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| IP Address Allocation | |
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| Classless Interdomain Routing | |
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| Private Addressing and Network Address Translation | |
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| IP Version 6 | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Routing Protocol Basics | |
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| Interdomain Routing Basics | |
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| Overview of Routers and Routing | |
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| Basic Routing Example | |
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| Routing Protocol Concepts | |
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| Distance Vector Routing Protocols | |
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| Link-State Routing Protocols | |
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| Segregating the World into Autonomous Systems | |
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| Static Routing, Default Routing, and Dynamic Routing | |
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| Autonomous Systems | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 | |
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| How BGP Works | |
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| BGP Message Header Format | |
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| BGP Neighbor Negotiation | |
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| Finite State Machine Perspective | |
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| Notification Message | |
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| Keepalive Message | |
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| Update Message and Routing Information | |
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| BGP Capabilities Negotiation | |
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| Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP | |
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| TCP MD5 Signature Option | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Effective Internet Routing Designs | |
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| Chapter Tuning BGP Capabilities | |
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| Building Peer Sessions | |
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| Physical Versus Logical Connections | |
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| Obtaining an IP Address | |
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| Authenticating the BGP Session | |
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| BGP Continuity Inside an AS | |
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| Synchronization Within an AS | |
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| Sources of Routing Updates | |
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| Injecting Information Dynamically into BGP | |
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| Injecting Information Statically into BGP | |
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| Origin of Routes | |
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| An Example of Static Versus Dynamic Routing: Mobile Networks | |
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| Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors | |
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| The Routing Process Simplified | |
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| BGP Routes: Advertisement and Storage | |
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| The BGP Routing Information Bases | |
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| Routes Received from Peers | |
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| Input Policy Engine | |
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| Routes Used by the Router | |
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| Output Policy Engine | |
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| Routes Advertised to Peers | |
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| Sample Routing Environment | |
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| BGP Decision Process Summary | |
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| Controlling BGP Routes | |
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| BGP Path Attributes | |
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| NEXT_HOP Behavior on Multiaccess Media | |
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| NEXT_HOP Behavior Over Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Media | |
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| Use of next-hop-self versus Advertising DMZ | |
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| Using Private ASs | |
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| AS_PATH and Route Aggregation Issues | |
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| AS_PATH Manipulation | |
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| Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation | |
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| Inbound and Outbound Filtering | |
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| The Route Filtering and Manipulation Process | |
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| Peer Groups | |
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| BGP-4 Aggregation | |
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| Aggregate Only, Suppressing the More-Specific Routes | |
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| Aggregate Plus More-Specific Routes | |
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| Aggregate with a Subset of the More-Specific Routes | |
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| Loss of Information Inside Aggregates | |
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| Changing the Attributes of the Aggregate | |
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| Forming the Aggregate Based on a Subset of the More-Specific Routes | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing | |
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| Redundancy | |
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| Geographical Restrictions Pressure | |
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| Setting Default Routes | |
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| Symmetry | |
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| Load Balancing | |
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| Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing | |
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| Single-Homing | |
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| Multihoming to a Single Provider | |
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| Multihoming to Different Providers | |
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| Customers of the Same Provider with a Backup Link | |
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| Customers of Different Providers with a Backup Link | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Controlling Routing Inside the Autonomous System | |
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| Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers | |
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| Injecting BGP into the IGP | |
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| Following Defaults Inside an AS | |
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| BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults | |
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| Defaults Inside the AS: Primary/Backup BGP Policy | |
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| Defaults Inside the AS: Other BGP Policies | |
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| Policy Routing | |
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| Policy Routing Based on Traffic Source | |
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| Policy Routing Based on Traffic Source/Destination | |
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| Policy Routing Defaults to Dynamic Routing | |
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| Other Applications of Policy Routing | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems | |
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| Route Reflectors | |
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| Internal Peers Without Route Reflectors | |
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| Internal Peers with Route Reflectors | |
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| Naming Conventions and Rules of Operation | |
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| Redundancy Issues and Multiple Route Reflectors in an AS | |
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| Route Reflection Topology Models | |
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| Route Reflectors and Peer Groups | |
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| Confederations | |
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| Confederation Drawbacks | |
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| Route Exchange and BGP Decisions with Confederations | |
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| Recommended Confederation Design | |
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| Confederations Versus Route Reflectors | |
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| Controlling IGP Expansion | |
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| Segmenting the AS with Multiple Regions Separated by IBGP | |
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| Segmenting the AS with Multiple Regions Separated by EBGP | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Designing Stable Internets | |
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| Route Instabilities on the Internet | |
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| IGP Instability | |
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| Faulty Hardware | |
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| Software Problems | |
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| Insufficient CPU Power | |
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| Insufficient Memory | |
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| Network Upgrades and Routine Maintenance | |
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| Human Error | |
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| Link Congestion | |
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| BGP Stability Features | |
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| Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation | |
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| BGP Route Refresh | |
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| Route Dampening | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Frequently Asked Questions | |
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| Internet Routing Device Configuration | |
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| Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes | |
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| Building Peering Sessions | |
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| Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation | |
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| BGP Route Maps | |
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| Prefix Lists | |
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| Identifying and Filtering Routes Based on the NLRI | |
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| Identifying and Filtering Routes Based on the AS_PATH | |
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| Peer Groups | |
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| Sources of Routing Updates | |
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| Injecting Information Dynamically into BGP | |
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| Injecting Information Statically into BGP | |
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| Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors | |
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| BGP Attributes | |
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| The NEXT_HOP Attribute | |
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| The AS_PATH Attribute | |
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| The LOCAL_PREF Attribute | |
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| The MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute | |
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| The COMMUNITY Attribute | |
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| BGP-4 Aggregation | |
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| Aggregate Only, Suppressing the More-Specific | |
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| Aggregate Plus More-Specific Routes | |
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| Aggregate with a Subset of the More-Specific Routes | |
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| Loss of Information Inside Aggregates | |
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| Changing the Aggregate's Attributes | |
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| Forming the Aggregate Based on a Subset of Specific Routes | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Configuring Effective Internet Routing Policies | |
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| Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing | |
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| Dynamically Learned Defaults | |
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| Statically Set Defaults | |
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| Multihoming to a Single Provider | |
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| Multihoming to Different Providers | |
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| Customers of the Same Provider with a Backup Link | |
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| Customers of Different Providers with a Backup Link | |
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| Following Defaults Inside an AS | |
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| BGP Policies Conflicting with the Internal Default | |
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| Policy Routing | |
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| Route Reflectors | |
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| Confederations | |
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| Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation | |
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| BGP Soft Reconfiguration | |
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| Outbound Soft Reconfiguration | |
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| Inbound Soft Reconfiguration | |
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| BGP Route Refresh | |
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| BGP Outbound Request Filter Capability | |
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| Route Dampening | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| BGP Command Reference | |
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| References for Further Study | |
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| Interesting Organizations | |
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| Research and Education | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| Books | |
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| TCP/IP-Related Sources | |
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| Routing-Related Sources | |
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| Internet Request For Comments | |
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| BGP Outbound Route Filter (ORF) | |
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| When to Use BGP ORF | |
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| Configuration | |
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| Enabling the BGP ORF Capability as Send-Mode | |
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| Enabling the BGP ORF Capability as Receive-Mode | |
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| Ensuring Backward Compatibility of the Old Knobs | |
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| EXEC Commands | |
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| Pushing Out A Prefix List and Receiving a Route Refresh from a Neighbor | |
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| Displaying the Prefix List Received from a Neighbor | |
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| Displaying Changes to the Neighbor BGP Table | |
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| Closing Remarks | |
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| Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) | |
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| The Motivation Behind the New Command-Line Interface | |
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| Organizing Command Groups in the New Configuration | |
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| Activate | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| Network | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| Peer Groups | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| Route Maps | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| Redistribution | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| Route Reflector | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| Aggregation | |
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| Old Style | |
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| AF Style | |
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| List of BGP Commands | |
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| Upgrading to the AF Style | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |