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| Taking a Scientific Approach to Improving Map Representation and Design | |
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| Toward Functional Maps | |
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| Cartography as Graphic Communication | |
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| Objections to Scope and Method | |
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| Art and Science | |
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| Deconstructing the Discipline | |
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| Taking a Fresh Approach to Symbolization and Design Research | |
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| Organization of This Book | |
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| How Meaning Is Derived from Maps | |
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| An Information-Processing View of Vision and Visual Cognition | |
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| Marr's Approach to Vision | |
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| Visual Cognition | |
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| Processing of Visual Stimuli | |
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| Processing of Imagery | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| How Maps Are Seen | |
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| Eye-Brain System | |
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| The Eye | |
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| Eye to Brain | |
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| Brain | |
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| Perceptual Organization and Attention | |
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| Grouping | |
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| What We Attend To | |
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| Selective Attention and Separability of Visual Dimensions | |
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| Divided Attention and Variable Conjunctions | |
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| Associativity of Graphic Variables | |
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| Indispensable Variables | |
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| Where We Attend | |
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| Location | |
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| Scale | |
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| Scanning the Visual Scene | |
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| Figure-Ground | |
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| Heterogeneity | |
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| Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Processing | |
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| Visual Levels | |
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| Perceptual Categorization and Judgment | |
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| Detection | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Text Discrimination | |
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| Point Feature Discrimination | |
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| Pattern Discrimination | |
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| Color Discrimination | |
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| Motion Discrimination | |
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| Judging Order | |
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| Judging Relative Manitude | |
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| Perceiving Depth from a Two-Dimensional Scene | |
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| A Taxonomy of Depth Cues | |
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| Applying Depth Cues to Maps | |
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| Physiological Approaches | |
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| Perspective Approaches | |
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| Nonperspective Approaches | |
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| Summary | |
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| How Maps Are Understood: Visual Array to Visual Description [left and right arrow] Kowledge Schemata [left and right arrow] Cognitive Representation | |
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| Mental Categories | |
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| Prototype Effects | |
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| Family Resemblance | |
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| Fuzzy Categories | |
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| Typicality Effects | |
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| Maps as a Radial Category | |
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| Basic-Level Categories | |
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| Natural versus Cultural Category Structures | |
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| Multiple Representations | |
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| Multiple Representations: Common and Scientific | |
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| Fuzzy Representations of Well-Defined Concepts | |
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| Knowledge Representation | |
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| Kinds of Knowledge Representation | |
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| Kinds of Knowledge Schemata | |
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| Propositional Schemata | |
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| Image Schemata | |
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| Event Schemata (Scripts and Plans) | |
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| Development and Application of Cognitive Schemata | |
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| How Map Schemata Are Developed | |
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| Physiological Bases for Map Schemata | |
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| Developmental Bases for Map Schemata | |
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| General-to-Specific Map Schemata | |
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| How Map Schemata Are Selected | |
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| How Map Schemata Are Used | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| How Maps Are Imbued with Meaning | |
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| A Primer on Semiotics for Understanding Map Representation | |
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| The Nature of Signs | |
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| Models of the Sign | |
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| Typology of Signs | |
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| Typology of Discourse | |
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| How Signs Signify: Specificity or Levels of Meaning | |
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| Typology of Comprehension (or Miscomprehension) | |
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| The Nature of Sign Systems | |
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| Dimensions of Semiosis | |
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| Systemology | |
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| Semiotic Economy | |
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| Simultaneity versus Articulation | |
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| Combinatorial Relations | |
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| Application of the Semiotic Approach to Map Representation | |
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| A Functional Approach to Map Representation: The Semantics and Syntactics of Map Signs | |
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| The Nature of Map Signs-Map Semantics | |
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| Sign-Vehicle as Mediator | |
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| Referent as Mediator | |
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| Interpretant as Mediator | |
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| The Nature of Map Sign Systems-Map Syntactics: Logical Interrelationships | |
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| Visual Variables and Syntactic Rules | |
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| Static Visual Maps | |
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| Static Tactile Maps | |
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| Dynamic Visual Maps | |
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| Dynamic Audio Maps | |
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| |
| Sign-Vehicle Sets | |
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| Multiple Linked Sign Systems | |
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| Maps as Signs | |
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| Map Sign Comprehension | |
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| Discussion | |
| |
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| A Lexical Approach to Map Representation: Map Pragmatics | |
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| Meaning in Maps | |
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| Space, Time, and Attribute Denotation | |
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| Denoting Spatial Position | |
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| Denoting Temporal Position | |
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| Denoting Attributes of Position in Space-Time | |
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| |
| Specificity of Signs | |
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| |
| Singular versus General Signs | |
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| |
| Unambiguous versus Ambiguous Signs | |
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| |
| Monosemic versus Polysemic Sign Systems | |
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| |
| Directness of Reference: Literality of Interpretants | |
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| |
| Concreteness of Signs: Concept versus Phenomenon Representations | |
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| |
| Etymology and Cultural Specificity of Meaning | |
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| |
| Meaning of Maps | |
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| Connotative Meaning of Map Signs | |
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| Extrasignificant Codes | |
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| A Typology of Map Connotation | |
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| |
| The Map Itself as an Implicit Code | |
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| |
| Connotation of Veracity: Truth and Reality | |
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| Connotation of Integrity: Map Ethics | |
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| |
| Valuative Connotations: Judgments | |
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| |
| Connotations of Power: Territorial Control | |
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| |
| Incitive Connotations: Persuasion to Action | |
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| |
| Can Connotations Be Measured? | |
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| |
| Synopsis and Directions | |
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| |
| |
| How Maps Are Used: Applications in Geographic Visualization | |
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| |
| |
| GVIS: Facilitating Visual Thinking | |
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| |
| A Model of Feature Matching | |
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| |
| Linking Perceptual Organization and Map Syntactics | |
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| |
| Indispensable Variables | |
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| |
| 2-D Space | |
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| |
| Simulated 3-D | |
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| |
| Time | |
| |
| |
| Scale and Resolution | |
| |
| |
| Space | |
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| |
| Attributes | |
| |
| |
| Time | |
| |
| |
| Spatial Feature Enhancement through Graphic Variable Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Using Monochrome Variables | |
| |
| |
| Using Color Variables | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Categories and Schemata | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| GVIS: Relationships in Space and Time | |
| |
| |
| Feature Comparison: Looking for Relationships in Multidimensional Data | |
| |
| |
| Space | |
| |
| |
| Orientation | |
| |
| |
| Color | |
| |
| |
| Time | |
| |
| |
| Focusing | |
| |
| |
| Sound | |
| |
| |
| Space-Time Processes | |
| |
| |
| Categorizing Space-Time Phenomena | |
| |
| |
| Mapping Temporal Entities to Display Variables | |
| |
| |
| Exploring Space-Time Processes: Kinds of Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Process Tracking | |
| |
| |
| Postprocessing | |
| |
| |
| Process Steering | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| GVIS: Should We Believe What We See? | |
| |
| |
| How to Judge "Truth" in GVIS | |
| |
| |
| Truth of Signs in the Display | |
| |
| |
| Truth of the Display as Sign: Seeing Wrong versus Not Seeing | |
| |
| |
| What "Truth" Is in GVIS | |
| |
| |
| Visual Thinking and Cognitive Gravity | |
| |
| |
| Public Presentation and Implicit Connotation | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Postscript | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Author Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |