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Foreword to the English Edition | |
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Preface to the International Edition | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Speech | |
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On the Occasion of the Presentation of the REMHI Report Metropolitan Cathedral of Guatemala City, April 24, 1998 | |
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Introductory Remarks | |
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Introduction | |
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The Value of Testimony | |
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Social and Political Violence in Guatemala | |
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Periods of Violence | |
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The Impact of Militarization | |
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Impunity | |
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The Struggle for Memory | |
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Glossary: Acronyms, Abbreviations, Organizations, and Spanish Words | |
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The Impact of the Violence | |
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Individual Effects of the Violence | |
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The Immediate Impact | |
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Ongoing Trauma | |
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From Fear to Terror | |
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A Strategy of Terror | |
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No Way Out | |
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Climate of Terror | |
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The Social Effects of Fear | |
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The Individual Effects of Fear | |
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Fear as a Self-defense Mechanism | |
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Ongoing Experiences of Fear | |
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Altered Grieving Processes | |
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Sociopolitical Violence and Altered Grief | |
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Forced Disappearances | |
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Blaming the Victims | |
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Forced Collaboration | |
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Political Activism: A Sense of Responsibility and Guilt | |
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Between Words and Silence | |
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The Wrath of Injustice | |
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From Senselessness to Injustice | |
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Powerlessness against Impunity | |
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A Veneer of Normalcy | |
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Questioning the Struggle | |
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Destroying the Seed | |
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Violence against Children | |
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Children on the Run | |
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The Militarization of Childhood | |
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The Children of Violence | |
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From Adoption to Abduction | |
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The Will to Live | |
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The Assault on Community | |
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Collective and Community Destruction and Loss | |
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Community Destruction | |
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Community Breakdown and Crisis | |
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Social Polarization | |
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Persecution and Disruption of Daily Life | |
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A Regimented Existence | |
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Social Breakdown | |
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The Militarization of Daily Life: The Impact of the Civil Patrols | |
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Social Identity: Violence against Religion and Culture | |
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Religious Changes | |
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Loss of Traditional Authorities | |
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Loss of Language | |
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The Colors of Identity | |
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Repairing the Social Fabric | |
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Coping with Violence | |
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The Population's Varied Experiences | |
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Culture | |
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Coping Strategies | |
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The Experience of the Displaced | |
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Large-scale Displacement | |
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The Dynamics of Displacement: The Path of Flight | |
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Seeking Refuge in Exile | |
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Into the Hills: From Flight to Resistance | |
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The Experience of the Communities of Popular Resistance (CPRs) | |
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Reintegration Processes | |
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Restoring Family Ties and Support | |
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In Search of an Explanation | |
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No Explanation or Individualized Explanations | |
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Sociopolitical Conflict and Involvement | |
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Interpersonal Explanations | |
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Ethno-political Explanations | |
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From Violence to the Affirmation of Women | |
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Violence against Women | |
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Women as Victims | |
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"They Treated Us Worse than Animals" | |
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Using Their Motherhood against Them | |
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Cooking and Dancing for Their Assailants | |
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Sexual Assault | |
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Assaults on Bodies and on Dignity | |
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Mass Rapes | |
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The Significance of Rape | |
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Other Forms of Torture Associated with Rape | |
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A Counterinsurgency Method | |
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The Consequences of Contempt | |
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The Impact of Rape | |
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Women's Resistance | |
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Pulling Their Lives Together: Women's Roles and the Social Fabric | |
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Creating New Spaces: Women's Activism | |
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Never Again! Preventing a Recurrence | |
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Truth, Justice, and Human Rights | |
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The Defense of Human Rights | |
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Discovering the Truth | |
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Confronting the Causes | |
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Social Change for Peace | |
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Expectations for Peace | |
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Reparations | |
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The Methodology of Horror | |
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The Intelligence Behind the Violence | |
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The Intelligence Structure | |
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The Dynamics of Violence; the Role of the Intelligence Services | |
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The Name of Fear: La 2 | |
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The Archivo: The Intelligence Division of the Presidential General Staff (EMP) | |
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The Criminal Investigations Department and Other Police Entities | |
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The Mobile Military Police (PMA) | |
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The Treasury Guard | |
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Intelligence Networks | |
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Death Squads | |
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Strategies of Control: Intelligence in Action | |
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International Surveillance | |
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Technology at the Service of Violence | |
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Surveillance of Daily Life | |
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Eradicating the Enemy Within | |
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Targeting the People | |
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Control of Hostile Populations | |
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Involving the People in the War | |
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A Strategy at the Village Level | |
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The Civil Self-defense Patrols: The Militarization of Daily Life | |
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A War Strategy | |
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The Imposition and Formation of the Civil Patrols | |
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Volunteers by Force | |
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The Patrol Structure | |
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Military Training and Patrols | |
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Captures of Civilians | |
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Massacres and Murders | |
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Control over People's Movements | |
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The Spoils of War | |
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Solidarity and Resistance | |
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The Methodology of Horror | |
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Forced Recruitment | |
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Special Forces | |
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An Education in Violence | |
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Fostering Violence | |
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Compelled Obedience | |
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Enforcing Complicity | |
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Contempt for Human Life: "The Step of Death" | |
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Extending Control | |
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The Ways of Horror | |
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Massacres: The Anatomy of Destruction | |
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The Anguish of Torture | |
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Threats | |
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Abduction Procedures | |
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Short-term Abduction or Detention | |
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Forced Disappearances: A Smoke Screen | |
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Executions: "Doing Someone In" | |
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Infiltration | |
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Torture Methods and Training | |
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Induced Betrayal | |
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Silenced Voices: The Unrecognized Prisoners of War | |
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Character Transformation: Taking on the Oppressor's Identity | |
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Clandestine Prisons | |
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Psychosexual Control over the Troops | |
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Preparing the Massacres | |
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Concealing Infamy: Clandestine Cemeteries | |
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Conclusions: From the Memory of Atrocities to the Violence of Today | |
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In Search of an Explanation | |
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Violence in the Postwar Period | |
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The Struggle to Reclaim Memory | |
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The Historical Context | |
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Background | |
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From Barrios to Ponce Vaides | |
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The October Revolution | |
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The Protagonism of the Catholic Church | |
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The 1954 Coup d'Etat | |
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The Armed Conflict in the Sixties | |
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The November 13 Revolt | |
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The Incipient Guerrilla Movement | |
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The Trecistas | |
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Spotlight on Concua | |
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FAR (Rebel Armed Forces) | |
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The 1963 Coup d'Etat | |
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The Mendez Montenegro Government | |
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The Pact with the Army | |
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Army Reorganization | |
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Paramilitary Groups | |
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Escalating Violence | |
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The Decline of the Guerrillas | |
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The Catholic Church | |
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The Military Governments of the Seventies | |
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The Military Project | |
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The Arana Government | |
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Political Terror | |
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Power Alliances | |
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The Laugerud Government | |
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Grassroots Struggle | |
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Other Trends | |
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An Intolerant Business Sector | |
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Renewed Land Seizures | |
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The Deterioration of the Electoral System | |
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The Rise of the Indigenous Movement | |
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Evolution of the New Guerrilla Movement | |
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The Evolution of Counterinsurgency | |
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The Lucas Era | |
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Conspicuous Crimes | |
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The Counterinsurgency Offensives | |
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Changing and Uncertain Times | |
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The Counterinsurgency Strategy | |
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"Scorched Earth" | |
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The Insurgents' Strategy | |
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"The People's War" | |
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The Poor against the Rich | |
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The Victims | |
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The Catholic Church | |
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Training Centers | |
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Political Polarization | |
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Lucas's Demise | |
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The Rios Montt Government | |
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A Turning Point in History | |
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The New Counterinsurgency | |
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The Military Offensives of 1982-1983 | |
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The Ixil Region | |
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Clearing out the Border Area | |
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Offensives in the Central Corridor | |
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Alta and Baja Verapaz | |
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The Capital and the Coast | |
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Quetzaltenango | |
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The Church Targeted | |
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The Mejia Victores Government | |
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The Cerezo Government | |
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The Transition, 1986-1987 | |
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Concertacion | |
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The Initial Agreements | |
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The Tensions Begin | |
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Rumbling in the Barracks | |
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The Power of the New Right-wing Business Elite | |
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A No-win Battle | |
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The Power of El Sindicato | |
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National Stability Doctrine | |
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The Year-end Offensive | |
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Active Neutrality | |
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The "Message System" and Other Methods | |
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The Conspiracy, 1988-1989 | |
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Coup Attempts | |
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The "Dirty War" | |
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Diplomacy and Terror | |
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The Collapse of Stability | |
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The Army Loses Leadership | |
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The Casualties | |
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The Serrano Elias Government | |
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The Business Candidate | |
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Battles over Peace | |
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Waging War | |
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A Climate of Insecurity | |
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The Advent of Globalization | |
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Other Areas of Civil Society | |
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Army Reassignments | |
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Preparing for the Postwar Period | |
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Into the Void | |
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Ramiro de Leon and the Business Community | |
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Power Struggles | |
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Peace Negotiations | |
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The War Continues | |
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The URNG and the Signing of the Peace Accord | |
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The Business Candidate's Victory | |
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Peace against All Odds | |
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The Victims of the Conflict | |
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The Data Compiled by the Remhi Project | |
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Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law | |
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The Magnitude of the Violence | |
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The Violations | |
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Accountability | |
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Periods of Violence | |
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The Characteristics of Genocide | |
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Patterns of Violations | |
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Violations of the Right to Life | |
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Extra-judicial Executions | |
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Forced Disappearances | |
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Death as a Result of Persecution | |
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Casualties of Indiscriminate Attacks | |
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Massacres | |
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Violations of the Right to Physical and Psychological Integrity | |
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Torture and Cruel Treatment | |
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Rapes | |
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Attacks | |
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Violations of the Right to Personal Security | |
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Violations of the Right to Personal Liberty | |
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Irregular Detentions | |
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General Statistics | |
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Violations by Historical Period (Victims) | |
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Massacres | |
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Distributed by Department and Year | |
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Distributed by Month and Year | |
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Responsible Force | |
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Responsible Force | |
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Violations against Life by Incidents and Victims | |
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Distribution by Historical Period by Incidents and Victims | |
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Massacres Distributed by Department and Year | |
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Violations by Department (1) | |
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Violations by Department (2) | |
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Violations by Department (3) | |
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The Path to Social Reconstruction Recommendations of the Remhi Project | |
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Repairing the Damage | |
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Reparations | |
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Humanitarian Assistance for Victims and Survivors (Medical, Psychological, Social, and Legal Reparations) | |
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Collective Memory | |
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Statement of Government Responsibility | |
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Official History | |
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Investigation of Cases: Statements concerning the Disappeared | |
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Honoring the Victims | |
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Exhumations | |
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Restoring Memory to the People | |
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The Role of Other Social Sectors | |
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The Religious Community: Demands and Expectations | |
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International Presence | |
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The URNG | |
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Preventing Human Rights Violations | |
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Respect for Human Rights | |
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Justice and Social Sanctions | |
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Preventing Social and Community Violence | |
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Legislative and Judicial Reforms | |
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Methods for Monitoring Law Enforcement | |
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Traditional Authority and Law | |
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The Judiciary | |
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Social Changes for Peace | |
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Demilitarization | |
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Exercising Personal Freedoms | |
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Addressing the Land Issue | |
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Bibliography | |