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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modeling and Simulation | |
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| Modeling Philosophy | |
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| Notation | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Background | |
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| Polymer Materials Science | |
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Molecular Weight | |
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| Conformation and Configuration of Polymer Molecules | |
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| Morphological Structure | |
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| Copolymers and Polymer Blends | |
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| Thermal Transitions | |
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| Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers | |
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| Stress Relaxation | |
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| Time-Temperature Superposition (WLF-Equation) | |
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| Examples of Common Polymers | |
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| Thermoplastics | |
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| Thermosetting Polymers | |
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| Elastomers | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Processing Properties | |
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| Thermal Properties | |
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| Thermal Conductivity | |
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| Specific Heat | |
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| Density | |
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| Thermal Diffusivity | |
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| Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | |
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| Thermal Penetration | |
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| Measuring Thermal Data | |
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| Curing Properties | |
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| Rheological Properties | |
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| Flow Phenomena | |
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| Viscous Flow Models | |
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| Viscoelastic Constitutive Models | |
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| Rheometry | |
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| Surface Tension | |
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| Permeability properties | |
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| Sorption | |
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| Diffusion and Permeation | |
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| Measuring S, D, and P | |
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| Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-Diffusion | |
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| Friction properties | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Polymer Processes | |
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| Extrusion | |
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| The Plasticating Extruder | |
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| Extrusion Dies | |
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| Mixing Processes | |
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| Distributive Mixing | |
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| Dispersive Mixing | |
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| Mixing Devices | |
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| Injection Molding | |
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| The Injection Molding Cycle | |
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| The Injection Molding Machine | |
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| Related Injection Molding Processes | |
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| Secondary Shaping | |
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| Fiber Spinning | |
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| Film Production | |
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| Thermoforming | |
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| Calendering | |
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| Coating | |
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| Compression Molding | |
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| Foaming | |
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| Rotational Molding | |
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| References | |
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| Processing Fundamentals | |
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| Dimensional Analysis and Scaling | |
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| Dimensional Analysis | |
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| Dimensional Analysis by Matrix Transformation | |
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| Problems with non-Linear Material Properties | |
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| Scaling and Similarity | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Transport Phenomena in Polymer Processing | |
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| Balance Equations | |
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| The Mass Balance or Continuity Equation | |
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| The Material or Substantial Derivative | |
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| The Momentum Balance or Equation of Motion | |
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| The Energy Balance or Equation of Energy | |
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| Model Simplification | |
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| Reduction in Dimensionality | |
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| Lubrication Approximation | |
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| Simple Models in Polymer Processing | |
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| Pressure Driven Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Through a Slit | |
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| Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Straight Circular Tube (Hagen-Poiseuille Equation) | |
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| Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Slightly Tapered Tube | |
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| Volumetric Flow Rate of a Power Law Fluid in Axial Annular Flow | |
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| Radial Flow Between two Parallel Discs - Newtonian Model | |
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| The Hele-Shaw model | |
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| Cooling or Heating in Polymer Processing | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Analyses Based on Analytical Solutions | |
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| Single Screw Extrusion-Isothermal Flow Problems | |
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| Newtonian Flow in the Metering Section of a Single Screw Extruder | |
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| Cross Channel Flow in a Single Screw Extruder | |
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| Newtonian Isothermal Screw and Die Characteristic Curves | |
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| Extrusion Dies-Isothermal Flow Problems | |
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| End-Fed Sheeting Die | |
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| Coat Hanger Die | |
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| Extrusion Die with Variable Die Land Thicknesses | |
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| Pressure Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids with Different Viscosities | |
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| Fiber Spinning | |
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| Viscoelastic Fiber Spinning Model | |
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| Processes that Involve Membrane Stretching | |
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| Film Blowing | |
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| Thermoforming | |
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| Calendering - Isothermal Flow Problems | |
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| Newtonian Model of Calendering | |
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| Shear Thinning Model of Calendering | |
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| Calender Fed with a Finite Sheet Thickness | |
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| Coating Processes | |
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| Wire Coating Die | |
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| Roll Coating | |
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| Mixing - Isothermal Flow Problems | |
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| Effect of Orientation on Distributive Mixing - Erwin's Ideal Mixer | |
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| Predicting the Striation Thickness in a Couette Flow System - Shear Thinning Model | |
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| Residence Time Distribution of a Fluid Inside a Tube | |
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| Residence Time Distribution Inside the Ideal Mixer | |
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| Injection Molding - Isothermal Flow Problems | |
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| Balancing the Runner System in Multi-Cavity Injection Molds | |
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| Radial Flow Between Two Parallel discs | |
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| Non-Isothermal Flows | |
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| Non-Isothermal Shear Flow | |
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| Non-Isothermal Pressure Flow Through a Slit | |
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| Melting and Solidification | |
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| Melting with Pressure Flow Melt Removal | |
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| Melting with Drag Flow Melt Removal | |
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| Melting Zone in a Plasticating Single Screw Extruder | |
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| Curing Reactions During Processing | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Numerical Techniques | |
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| Introduction to Numerical Analysis | |
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| Discretization and Error | |
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| Interpolation | |
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| Polynomial and Lagrange Interpolation | |
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| Hermite Interpolations | |
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| Cubic Splines | |
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| Global and Radial Interpolation | |
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| Numerical Integration | |
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| Classical Integration Methods | |
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| Gaussian Quadratures | |
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| Data Fitting | |
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| Least Squares Method | |
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| The Levenberg-Marquardt Method | |
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| Method of Weighted Residuals | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Finite Difference Method | |
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| Taylor-Series Expansions | |
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| Numerical Issues | |
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| The Info-Travel Concept | |
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| Steady-State Problems | |
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| Transient Problems | |
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| Higher Order Approximation Techniques | |
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| The Radial Flow Method | |
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| Flow Analysis Network | |
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| Predicting Fiber Orientation - The Folgar-Tucker Model | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Finite Element Method | |
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| One-Dimensional Problems | |
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| One-Dimensional Finite Element Formulation | |
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| Numerical Implementation of a One-Dimenional Finite Element Formulation | |
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| Matrix Storage Schemes | |
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| Transient Problems | |
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| Two-Dimensional Problems | |
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| Solution of Posisson's equation Using a Constant Strain Triangle | |
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| Transient Heat Conduction Problem Using Constant Strain Triangle | |
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| Solution of Field Problems Using Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements | |
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| Two Dimensional Penalty Formulation for Creeping Flow Problems | |
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| Three-Dimensional Problems | |
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| Three-dimensional Elements | |
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| Three-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Problem With Convection | |
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| Three-Dimensional Mixed Formulation for Creeping Flow Problems | |
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| Mold Filling Simulations Using the Control Volume Approach | |
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| Two-Dimensional Mold Filling Simulation of Non-Planar Parts (2.5D Model) | |
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| Full Three-Dimensional Mold Filling Simulation | |
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| Viscoelastic Fluid Flow | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Boundary Element Method | |
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| Scalar Fields | |
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| Green's Identities | |
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| Green's Function or Fundamental Solution | |
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| Integral Formulation of Poisson's Equation | |
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| 4BEM Numerical Implementation of the 2D Laplace Equation | |
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| 2D Linear Elements | |
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| 2D Quadratic Elements | |
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| Three-Dimensional Problems | |
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| Momentum Equations | |
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| Green's Identities for the Momentum Equations | |
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| Integral Formulation for the Momentum Equations | |
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| BEM Numerical Implementation of the Momentum Balance Equations | |
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| Numerical Treatment of the Weakly Singular Integrals | |
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| Solids in Suspension | |
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| Comments of non-Linear Problems | |
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| Other Boundary Element Applications | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Radial Functions Method | |
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| The Kansa Collocation Method | |
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| Applying RFM to Balance Equations in Polymer Processing | |
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| Energy Balance | |
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| Flow problems | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |