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| Tables and Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| The Nature of Public Policy | |
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| What Is Public Policy? | |
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| Defining Public Policy | |
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| The Instruments of Public Policy | |
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| Law | |
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| Services | |
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| Money | |
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| Taxes | |
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| Other Economic Instruments | |
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| Suasion | |
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| The Effects of Tools | |
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| The Environment of Public Policy | |
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| Conservatism | |
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| Participation | |
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| Pragmatism | |
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| Wealth | |
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| Diversity | |
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| World Leadership | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Structure of Policymaking in American Government | |
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| Federalism | |
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| Separation of Powers | |
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| Subgovernments | |
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| Public and Private | |
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| The Size and Shape of the Public Sector | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Making of Public Policy | |
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| Agenda Setting and Public Policy | |
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| Agenda Setting | |
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| Kinds of Agendas | |
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| Who Sets Agendas? | |
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| Pluralist Approaches | |
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| Elitist Approaches | |
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| State-Centric Approaches | |
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| From Problem to Issue: How to Get Problems on the Agenda | |
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| The Effects of the Problem | |
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| Analogous and Spillover Agenda Setting | |
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| Relationship to Symbols | |
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| The Absence of Private Means | |
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| The Availability of Technology | |
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| Policy Formulation | |
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| Who Formulates Policy? | |
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| How to Formulate Policy | |
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| Aids for Policy Formulation | |
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| Policy Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Legitimating Policy Choices | |
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| Legislative Legitimation | |
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| Oversight | |
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| Regulations and the Administrative Process | |
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| Public Access to the Regulatory Process | |
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| The Processes of Writing Regulations | |
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| The Courts | |
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| Popular Legitimation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Organizations and Implementation | |
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| Dramatis Personae | |
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| Implementation | |
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| The Legislation | |
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| Policy Issues | |
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| Political Setting | |
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| Interest-group Liberalism | |
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| The Organizational Setting | |
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| Organizational Disunity | |
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| Standard Operating Procedures | |
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| Organizational Communication | |
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| Time Problems | |
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| Horseshoe-Nail Problems and Public Planning | |
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| Interorganizational Politics | |
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| Vertical Implementation Structures | |
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| Horizontal Implementation Structures | |
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| From the Bottom Up? | |
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| The Third Generation? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Budgeting: Allocation and Public Policy | |
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| Characteristics of the Federal Budget | |
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| An Executive Budget | |
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| Line Item | |
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| An Annual Budget | |
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| The Budget Cycle | |
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| Setting the Parameters: The President and His Friends | |
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| Agency Requests | |
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| Executive Review | |
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| Congressional Action | |
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| Budget Execution | |
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| Budget Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems in the Budgetary Process | |
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| The Deficit | |
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| Uncontrollable Expenditures | |
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| Back-Door Spending | |
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| The Overhang | |
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| Intergovernmental Budget Control | |
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| Reprogramming and Transfers | |
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| Supplemental Appropriations | |
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| Accessing the Outcomes: Incrementalism or What? | |
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| Critiques of Incrementalism | |
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| Reforming Budgeting | |
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| Program Budgeting | |
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| Zero-Base Budgeting | |
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| From Scalpels to Axes: Budget Reform in the 1980s and 1990s | |
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| Gramm-Rudman-Hollings | |
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| The Balanced-Budget Amendment | |
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| The Line-Item Veto | |
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| Decrementalism | |
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| Is Budget Change Its Own Reward? | |
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| Evaluation and Policy Change | |
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| Problems in Evaluating Public Programs | |
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| Goal Specification and Goal Change | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Targets | |
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| Efficiency and Effectiveness | |
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| Values and Evaluation | |
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| Politics | |
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| Increasing Requirements for Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Policy Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Substantive Policy Issues | |
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| Economic Policy | |
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| The Goals of Economic Policy | |
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| Economic Growth | |
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| Full Employment | |
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| Stable Prices | |
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| A Positive Balance of Payments | |
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| Structural Change | |
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| The Instruments of Economic Policy | |
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| Fiscal Policy | |
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| Monetary Policy | |
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| Regulations and Control | |
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| Public Support for Business | |
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| Public Ownership | |
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| Incentives | |
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| Moral Suasion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Tax Policy | |
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| Public Opinion and Taxation | |
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| Fairness | |
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| Value for Money | |
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| Choices in Tax Policy | |
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| Collectibility | |
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| Fiscal Neutrality | |
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| Buoyancy | |
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| Distributive Effects | |
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| Visibility | |
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| The Politics of Tax Reform | |
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| Tax Reform in the 1990s and Beyond | |
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| Tax Reform in the Bush Administration | |
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| Proposals for Further Fundamental Reform | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Health Care Policies | |
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| Problems in Health Care | |
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| Access to Medical Care | |
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| Cost | |
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| Quality | |
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| Public Programs in Health Care | |
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| Medicare | |
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| Medicaid | |
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| Health Maintenance Organizations: Managing Managed Care | |
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| Health Care Regulation | |
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| Hospital Costs | |
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| Health Care Quality | |
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| Drug Regulation | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Pursuit of National Health Insurance | |
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| "Play or Pay" | |
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| Canadian-Style Comprehensive Coverage | |
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| The George H. W. Bush Administration | |
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| The Clinton Administration Plan and Its Alternatives | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Income Maintenance: Social Security and Welfare | |
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| Social Insurance | |
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| Problems in Social Security | |
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| Social Security and the Economy | |
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| Financing Social Security | |
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| Reforming Social Security | |
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| Radical Reforms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Means-Tested Programs | |
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| AFDC and PRWORA: From Welfare to Workfare | |
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| The Family Support Act | |
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| The 1996 Reforms | |
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| Implementing Workfare | |
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| Alternatives for Further Reform of Income Support | |
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| The War on Poverty | |
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| Other Means-Tested Programs | |
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| The Persistence of Poverty in the United States | |
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| The Homeless | |
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| Private Social Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Educational Policy | |
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| Background | |
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| The Federal Government's Role in Education | |
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| The George H. W. Bush Administration | |
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| The Clinton Administration | |
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| Local Financing and the Federal Role | |
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| Higher Education | |
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| Funding for Higher Education | |
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| Elementary and Secondary Education | |
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| Issues of Educational Policy | |
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| Quality of Education | |
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| Vouchers and "Choice" | |
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| Competency Testing | |
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| Testing Teacher Competence | |
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| School Facilities | |
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| The Separation of Church and State | |
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| Unionization and Management | |
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| Equalization of Resources | |
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| Desegregation and Busing | |
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| Higher Education Costs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Energy and the Environment | |
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| Energy: Problems and Policies | |
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| Energy Sources | |
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| Natural Gas | |
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| Coal | |
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| Nuclear Power | |
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| Other Energy Sources in Use | |
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| Unconventional Energy Source | |
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| Policy Options | |
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| The States and Energy Policy | |
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| Hard and Soft Energy Options | |
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| Environmental Policies | |
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| The Politics of Pollution | |
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| The Legislation | |
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| Toxic Waste | |
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| Endangered Species Act | |
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| Implementation of Environmental Controls | |
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| Alternatives to Regulation | |
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| Protective Policies: Defense and Law Enforcement | |
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| Defense Policy | |
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| The Environment of Defense Policy | |
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| Technology | |
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| Public Opinion | |
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| U.S. Force Configurations | |
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| Problems of Defense Policy | |
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| Military Procurement | |
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| Updating the Strategic Deterrent | |
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| The All-Volunteer Military | |
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| Other Personnel Issues | |
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| Conventional Forces and Strategies | |
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| Defense and/or Jobs | |
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| Law Enforcement | |
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| Federal Law Enforcement | |
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| Federal Support to State and Local Governments | |
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| Issues in Law Enforcement Policy | |
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| The Causes of Crime | |
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| Gun Control | |
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| The Death Penalty | |
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| The Rights of the Accused | |
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| Youth Crime | |
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| The Clinton Crime Bill | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Culture Wars in American Politics: Regulating Social Life | |
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| Abortion and Reproductive Rights | |
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| The Rhetoric of Abortion Politics | |
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| Political and Policy Reactions to Roe and Doe | |
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| Gay Rights: Politics Comes out of the Closet | |
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| Gay Rights and Public Policy | |
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| The Separation of Church and State: School Prayer and Other Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| Policy Analysis | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Principles of Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Doing Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Determining Costs and Benefits | |
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| Assigning Value | |
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| Discounting | |
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| Choosing among Projects | |
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| Extensions | |
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| Criticism and Modification | |
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| Ethical Analysis of Public Policy | |
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| Fundamental Value Premises | |
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| The Preservation of Life | |
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| The Preservation of Individual Autonomy | |
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| Lying | |
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| Fairness | |
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| The Concept of Desert | |
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| Ethics and Public Policy: Alternatives to Utilitarianism | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Index | |