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| The Hazardous Waste Perspective | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dawning of the Problem | |
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| Early Hazardous Waste Management | |
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| "Take It Out Back and Dump It" | |
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| "Treatment" and Other Assorted Techniques | |
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| Numbers and Impacts | |
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| Early Efforts--What Worked/Didn't Work | |
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| Legislation/Litigation | |
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| Political | |
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| Administrative | |
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| Technical | |
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| International Aspects | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Definition of Hazardous Waste | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Chemist | |
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| The Life Scientist/Health Professional | |
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| The Environmentalist | |
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| The Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat | |
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| Implementing the RCRA Definition of "Hazardous Waste" | |
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| Hazardous Waste Characteristics | |
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| Listed Hazardous Wastes | |
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| The "Mixture" and "Derived-From" Rules | |
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| Hazardous Waste Identification Rule Development | |
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| The "Contained-In Policy" | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Pathways, Fates, and Disposition of Hazardous Waste Releases | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Releases of Chemicals to the Environment | |
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| Releases to the Atmosphere | |
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| Releases to Surface Waters | |
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| Releases to Land | |
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| Movement, Fates, and Disposition | |
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| Behavior of Waste Constituents Released to the Atmosphere | |
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| Movement of Hazardous Waste Constituents in Surface Waters | |
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| Pathways of Hazardous Waste Constituents Reaching Groundwater | |
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| Chemical Transformations | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Toxicology and the Standard-Setting Processes | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Public Health Impacts | |
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| Toxicity Hazard | |
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| Toxic Actions | |
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| Risk Assessment and Standards | |
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| Other Hazards | |
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| Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria | |
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| Technology-Based Standards | |
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| Risk-Based Standards | |
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| RCRA Standards | |
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| Standards Implementing the Land Disposal Restrictions | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Hazardous Waste Sources/Generators | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Generator Defined | |
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| The Three Classifications of Generators | |
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| Wastes Generated | |
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| Regulatory Requirements | |
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| EPA ID Number | |
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| Pretransport Regulations | |
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| Accumulation of Waste | |
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| The Manifest | |
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| Biennial Reporting Requirements | |
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| Records Retention | |
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| Exports and Imports of Hazardous Wastes | |
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| Generator Responsibilities for Restricted Waste Management | |
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| Generator Requirements | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries | |
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| DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments | |
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| Transportation of Hazardous Wastes | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation | |
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| Highway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes | |
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| Railway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes | |
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| Accidents/Incidents Involving Hazardous Waste Shipments | |
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| Regulatory Structures | |
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| Department of Transportation Regulations | |
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| Transportation Incidents Involving Hazardous Wastes | |
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| RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Transporters | |
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| EPA ID Number | |
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| The Manifest | |
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| Handling Hazardous Waste Discharges | |
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| Import/Export Activity | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Treatment and Disposal Methods and Processes | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Administrative and Nontechnical Requirements | |
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| Subpart A-- Facilities That Are Subject to the Regulations | |
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| Subpart B-- General Facility Standards | |
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| Subpart C-- Preparedness and Prevention | |
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| Subpart D-- Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures | |
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| Subpart E-- Manifest System, Record Keeping, and Reporting | |
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| General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities | |
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| Part 265, Subpart F--Groundwater Monitoring | |
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| Part 264, Subpart F--Releases from Solid Waste Management Units | |
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| Subpart G-- Closure, Post-Closure | |
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| Subpart H-- Financial Requirements | |
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| Hazardous Waste Treatment | |
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| Activated Carbon Adsorption | |
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| Stripping | |
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| Neutralization | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| Stabilization and Solidification | |
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| Oxidation and Reduction | |
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| Biological Treatment | |
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| Subpart Q-- Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatment | |
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| Destruction of Hazardous Wastes by Thermal Processes | |
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| Subpart O-- Hazardous Waste Incinerators | |
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| Subpart P-- Thermal Treatment of Hazardous waste | |
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| Accumulation and Storage of Hazardous Waste | |
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| Subpart I-- Containers | |
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| Subpart J-- Tanks | |
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| Subpart DD--Storage in Containment Buildings | |
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| Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste | |
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| Landfills | |
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| Subpart N-- Landfills | |
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| Surface Impoundments | |
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| Subpart K-- Surface Impoundments | |
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| Waste Piles | |
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| Subpart L-- Waste Piles | |
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| Land Treatment | |
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| Subpart M-- Land Treatment | |
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| Underground Disposal | |
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| Subpart R-- Underground Injection | |
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| Other Treatment and Disposal Methods | |
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| Ocean Dumping | |
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| Ocean Incineration | |
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| Land Disposal Restrictions | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| MACT Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units | |
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| References | |
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| Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization, Reuse, and Recycling | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hazardous Waste Minimization Techniques | |
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| Source Reduction | |
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| Product Changes | |
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| Source Control | |
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| Hazardous Waste Recycling | |
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| Use and Reuse | |
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| Reclamation | |
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| Multi-Conceptual Approaches | |
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| The RCRA Hazardous Waste Minimization Program | |
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| RCRA Regulation of Recycling | |
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| EPA Implementation of The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990 | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| State Agency P2 Linkages and Resources | |
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| P2 Information, Concepts, and Linkages | |
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| References | |
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| RCRA Permits, Compliance, and Enforcement | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Permits to Treat, Store, or Dispose of Hazardous Waste | |
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| Facilities Permitted | |
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| The Permitting Process | |
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| The "Permit As a Shield" | |
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| Closure Plans and Post-Closure Permits | |
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| RCRA Permits As a "Virtual Elimination" Tool | |
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| The Corrective Action Process | |
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| Remediation Waste Management Units | |
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| Compliance Requirements of RCRA | |
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| Self-Monitoring | |
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| Inspections | |
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| Enforcement of RCRA Regulations | |
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| Informal Administrative Actions | |
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| Formal Administrative Orders | |
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| Civil Actions | |
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| Criminal Action | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Assessment Techniques for Site Remediation | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Identifying Problem Sites and Obtaining Background Information | |
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| Purpose | |
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| Cultural History | |
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| Technical Information | |
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| Regulatory History | |
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| Background Report | |
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| Site Assessment Procedures in the Private Sector | |
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| Pre-Phase I | |
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| Phase I | |
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| Phase II | |
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| Standardized Environmental Site Assessments | |
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| Environmental Audits | |
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| Environmental Management Systems | |
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| Compliance Inspections/Investigations by Regulatory Agencies | |
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| Purpose | |
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| The Inspection Plan | |
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| Conduct of the Inspection/Investigation | |
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| Site Evaluation | |
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| National Priorities List | |
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| Hazard Ranking System | |
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| Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study | |
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| Record of Decision | |
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| Negotiations, Enforcement | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (Appendix x2) | |
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| References | |
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| Site Remedial Technologies, Practices, and Regulations | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Remedial Objectives | |
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| Programmatic Objectives | |
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| Technical Objectives | |
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| On-Site Remedial Techniques | |
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| Containment Methods | |
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| Extraction Methods | |
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| Treatment Methods | |
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| Destruction Methods | |
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| Off-Site Technologies and Practices | |
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| Excavation | |
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| Mechanical and Hydraulic Dredging | |
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| RCRA and Superfund Remedial Actions | |
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| RCRA Corrective Actions | |
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| Superfund Remedial Actions | |
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| Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model | |
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| Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative and Environmental Justice | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Typical Plants Used in Various Phytoremediation Applications | |
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| Medical/Biomedical/Infectious Waste Management | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition and Characterization of Medical Waste | |
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| Infectious Waste | |
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| Medical Waste | |
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| Infectious Waste Management | |
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| Designation of Infectious Waste | |
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| Segregation of Infectious Waste | |
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| Packaging of Infectious Waste | |
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| Storage of Infectious Waste | |
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| Transport of Infectious Waste | |
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| Treatment of Infectious Waste | |
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| Steam Sterilization | |
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| Incineration | |
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| Chemical Disinfection | |
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| Emerging Treatment Technologies | |
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| Disposal of Treated Waste | |
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| Contingency Planning | |
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| Regulatory and Advisory Considerations | |
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| Staff Training | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| Bloodborne Pathogens Final Standard: Summary of Key Provisions | |
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| References | |
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| Radioactive Waste Management | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| The Nature, Effects, and Measurement of Radioactivity | |
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| Radioactivity | |
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| Types of Radiation | |
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| Measurement of Radioactivity | |
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| Human Health Effects of Exposure to Radiation | |
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| Radiation Protection | |
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| Permissible Dose Concepts and Applications | |
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| The ALARA Concept | |
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| Pathways of Dispersion and Human Exposure | |
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| Physical Protection | |
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| Radiological Monitoring Programs | |
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| Regulatory Structures | |
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| Historical Development of Policies and Statutes | |
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| Statutory and Regulatory Framework | |
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| Department of Energy Management of Cleanup Programs | |
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| High-Level Radioactive Waste Management | |
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| HLW Defined and Described | |
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| HLW Treatment and Disposal | |
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| Transuranic Waste Management | |
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| TRU Defined and Described | |
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| TRU Disposal | |
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| Low-Level Waste Management | |
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| LLW Defined and Classified | |
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| Treatment and Disposal of LLW | |
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| Mixed Waste Management | |
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| Mixed Waste Defined and Described | |
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| Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Management | |
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| Tailings Defined, Described, and Characterized | |
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| Treatment and Control | |
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| Topics for Review of Discussion | |
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| Commercial and Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Options | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Storage Tank Management | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Leaking Underground Storage Tanks--Problems and Causes | |
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| Galvanic Corrosion | |
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| Faulty Installation | |
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| Piping Failures | |
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| Spills and Overfills | |
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| Compatibility of UST and Contents | |
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| Mobility of Leaked Hydrocarbon Fuels | |
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| Protection of Tanks and Piping from Corrosion | |
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| Protection by Sacrificial Anode | |
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| Protection by Impressed Current | |
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| Protection by Cladding or Dielectric Coating | |
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| Protection of Piping | |
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| Detection of Leaks from Underground Storage Tank Systems | |
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| Detection of Leaks in Pressurized Underground Piping | |
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| Detection of Leaks in Underground Suction Piping | |
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| RCRA Subtitle I Regulations and Requirements | |
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| Background | |
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| Implementation Schedule | |
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| Requirements for New Petroleum UST Systems | |
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| Requirements for Existing UST Systems | |
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| Corrective Action Requirements | |
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| Financial Responsibility Requirements | |
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| The LUST Trust Fund | |
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| Closure of Underground Storage Tank Facilities | |
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| Permanent Closure | |
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| Exceptions to Permanent Closure | |
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| Temporary Closure | |
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| Compliance Summary | |
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| Compliance Status As of September 30, 1999 | |
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| Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Hazardous Waste Worker Health and Safety | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hazards Encountered on Hazardous Waste Sites | |
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| Chemical Exposure | |
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| Explosion and Fire | |
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| Oxygen Deficiency | |
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| Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Biologic Hazards | |
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| Bloodborne Pathogens | |
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| Safety Hazards | |
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| Electrical Hazards | |
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| Heat Stress | |
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| Cold Exposure | |
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| Noise Hazard | |
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| Other Physical Hazards | |
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| Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response | |
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| Background | |
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| The HAZWOPER Summarized | |
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| Standards Applicable to Clean-up Sites | |
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| Standards Applicable to Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Sites | |
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| Standards Applicable to Emergency Response Teams | |
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| Other Important Topics and Compliance Issues | |
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| Respirator Selection Criteria | |
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| Applicable Air Contaminant Standards | |
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| Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders | |
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| Bloodborne Pathogens Standard | |
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| Chemical Hazard Communication | |
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| Workplace Violence | |
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| The OSHA Unified Agenda | |
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| OSHA Workplace Standards That May Apply to Hazardous Waste Sites | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |