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Fundamentals of Refrigeration | |
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History and Fundamentals of Refrigeration Module | |
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Development of Refrigeration | |
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How a Mechanical Refrigerator Operates | |
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Color Coding System in This Text | |
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Heat | |
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Cold | |
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Temperature, Pressure, and Measurements Module | |
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Temperature and Temperature Measurement | |
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Basic Arithmetic | |
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Temperature Conversion | |
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Temperature Difference Calculations | |
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Dimensions | |
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Pressure | |
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The Three Physical States | |
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Density | |
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Force | |
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Work | |
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Energy | |
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Power | |
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Unit of Heat | |
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Effect of Pressure on Evaporating Temperatures | |
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Effect of Pressure on Freezing Temperature of Water | |
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Refrigerating Effect of Ice | |
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Ambient Temperature | |
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Heat of Compression | |
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Energy Units | |
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Refrigeration Systems and Terms Module | |
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Refrigerant | |
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Heat Transfer | |
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Brine and Sweet Water | |
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Dry Ice | |
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Critical Temperature | |
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Critical Pressure | |
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Enthalpy | |
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Cryogenics | |
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Perfect Gas Equation | |
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Dalton's Law | |
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Evaporator | |
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Vapor--Gas | |
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Humidity--Relative Humidity | |
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Elementary Refrigerator | |
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Mechanical Refrigerating System | |
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Review of Abbreviations and Symbols | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Refrigeration Tools and Materials | |
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Tubing and Fittings Module | |
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Tubing | |
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Cutting and Bending Tools | |
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Connecting Tubing | |
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Soldered or Brazed Tubing Fittings | |
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Tube Couplings | |
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Swaging Copper Tubing | |
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Tube Constrictor | |
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Pipe Fittings and Sizes | |
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Refrigeration Tools Module | |
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Hand Tools | |
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Instruments and Gauges Module | |
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Instruments and Gauges | |
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Measuring Tools | |
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Supplies and Use Module | |
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Fastening Devices | |
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Refrigeration Supplies | |
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Service Valves | |
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Purging | |
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Evacuating | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Basic Refrigeration Systems | |
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Ice Refrigeration | |
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Evaporative Refrigeration (Desert Bag) | |
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Evaporative Refrigeration (Snow Making) | |
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Compression System Using Low-Side Float Refrigerant Control | |
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External-Drive (Open) Refrigerating System | |
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Compression System Using High-Side Float Refrigerant Control | |
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Compression System Using Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) Refrigerant Control | |
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Compression System Using Thermostatically Controlled Expansion Valve (TEV) | |
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Compression System Using Capillary Tube Refrigerant Control | |
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Multiple Evaporator System | |
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Compound Refrigerating Systems | |
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Cascade Refrigerating Systems | |
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Modulating Refrigeration Cycle | |
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Ice Maker | |
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Drinking Water Cooler | |
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Expendable Refrigerant Refrigeration System | |
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Thermoelectric Refrigeration | |
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Dry Ice Refrigeration | |
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Intermittent Absorption System | |
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Continuous-Cycle Absorption System | |
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Solid Absorbent Refrigeration | |
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Sophisticated Commercial Systems | |
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Hot-Gas Defrost | |
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Electric Defrost | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Compression Systems and Compressors | |
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Compression Systems Module | |
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Laws of Refrigeration | |
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Compression Cycle | |
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Evaporator | |
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Accumulator | |
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Suction Line | |
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Compressor | |
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Oil Separator | |
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Condenser | |
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Liquid Receiver | |
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Liquid Line | |
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Types of Refrigerant Flow Control | |
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Motor Control | |
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Compressors Module | |
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External-Drive Compressors | |
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Hermetic Compressors | |
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Types of Compressors | |
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Motors | |
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Service Valves | |
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Mufflers | |
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Compressor Cooling | |
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Lubrication | |
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Compressor Volumetric Efficiency | |
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Compression Ratio | |
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Check Valves | |
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Unloader | |
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Gaskets | |
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O-Rings | |
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Crankcase Heater | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Refrigerant Controls | |
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Compression System Refrigerant Controls | |
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Comparing Refrigerant Controls | |
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Check Valve | |
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Suction Pressure Valves | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Electrical-Magnetic Fundamentals | |
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Electrical Fundamentals Module | |
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Generating Electricity | |
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Types of Electricity | |
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Circuit Fundamentals | |
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Electrical Materials | |
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Magnetism | |
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Applied Electronics and Electricity Module | |
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Electronics | |
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Electrical Power | |
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Electrical Codes | |
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Circuit Protection | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Electric Motors | |
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Electric Motors Module | |
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Electric Motor Applications | |
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The Motor Structure | |
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Types of Electric Motors | |
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Motor Speeds | |
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Starting and Running Windings | |
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Starting Current | |
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Motor Connections | |
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Hermetic System Motors | |
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Direct Current and Universal Motors | |
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Motor Horsepower and Motor Characteristics | |
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Electric Motor Grounding | |
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Motor Protection | |
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Motor Temperature | |
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Standard Motor Data | |
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Fan Motors | |
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Shaded-Pole Motors | |
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Electronic Variable Speed Motors | |
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Servicing Electric Motors Module | |
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Servicing Electric Motors | |
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Pulleys | |
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Belts | |
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Motor Testing Stand | |
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Servicing and Repairing Hermetic Motors | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Electric Circuits and Controls | |
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Electric Control Circuits Module | |
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Electrical Circuits--Complete Wiring Diagram | |
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Electrical Circuits--Ladder Diagram | |
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Control Systems--Fundamentals | |
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Electric Controls Module | |
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Refrigerator and Freezer Controls | |
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Ice Maker Controls | |
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Comfort Cooling Air Conditioning Controls | |
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Central Air Conditioning Controls | |
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Water Cooler Controls | |
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Remote Temperature Sensing Elements | |
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Pressure Motor Controls | |
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Motor Safety Controls | |
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Motor Starting Relays | |
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Automatic Defrost Controls | |
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Semiautomatic Defrost Controls | |
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Hot-Gas Defrost Controls | |
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Ice Bank Controls | |
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De-Ice Controls | |
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Humidity Controls | |
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Defrosting Timers | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Refrigerants | |
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Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer | |
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Requirements for Refrigerants | |
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Use of Pressure-Temperature Curves | |
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Grouping and Classification of Refrigerants | |
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Group A Refrigerants | |
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Group B Refrigerants | |
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Combustible Refrigerants | |
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Expendable Refrigerants | |
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Water as a Refrigerant | |
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Food Freezants | |
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Cryogenic Fluids | |
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Refrigerant Cylinders | |
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Use of Pressure-Temperature Tables | |
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Head Pressures (High Side) | |
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Refrigerator Temperatures | |
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Refrigerant Applications | |
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Changing/Identifying Refrigerants | |
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Amount of Refrigerant Required in a System | |
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Refrigeration Oil | |
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Moisture in Refrigerant | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Reclaiming | |
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and the Ozone Layer | |
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Recovery, Recycling, Reclaiming of Refrigerants | |
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Refrigerant Recovery Equipment | |
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Refrigerant Recycling Equipment | |
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Refrigerant Reclaiming Procedure | |
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Retrofit | |
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Mobile Air Conditioning | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers | |
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Preserving Foods by Refrigeration and Freezing | |
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Refrigerator and Freezer Insulation | |
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Refrigerator--Single-Door, Manual Defrost | |
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Refrigerator-Freezer--Manual Defrost | |
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Refrigerator-Freezer--Automatic Defrost | |
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Refrigerator-Freezer--Frost-Free | |
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Refrigerator-Freezer--Frost-Free, Side-by-Side | |
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Solid-State Ice Maker | |
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Chest-Type Freezers | |
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Upright Freezers | |
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Care of Refrigerator or Freezer | |
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Ice Accumulation in Cabinet Insulation | |
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Butter Conditioner | |
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Cabinet Hardware | |
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Cabinet Gaskets | |
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Repairing Finishes | |
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Cabinet Thermometers | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Servicing and Installing Small Hermetic Systems | |
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Instruments, Tools, and Supplies | |
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Installing Refrigerators and Freezers | |
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Troubleshooting the Hermetic Refrigerator-Freezer | |
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Hermetic Servicing | |
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External Servicing Operations | |
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Internal Service Operations | |
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Gauge (Service) Manifold Types and Construction | |
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Hermetic Service Valves and Adaptors | |
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Locating Refrigerant Leaks | |
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Repairing Leaks | |
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Refrigerant Recovery and Evacuation | |
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Diagnosing Component Problems | |
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Replacing System Components | |
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Evacuating a System with a Vacuum Pump | |
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Overhauling a Hermetic System | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Commercial Systems | |
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Commercial Systems Module | |
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Construction of Refrigeration Components | |
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Refrigeration Components | |
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Packaged Commercial System Components | |
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Commercial Evaporators | |
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Commercial Systems--Controls Module | |
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Refrigerant Controls | |
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Motor Controls | |
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Ice Maker Controls | |
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Vending Machine Controls | |
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Defrost Timers | |
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Pressure Regulating Valves | |
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Compressor Protection Devices | |
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Manual Valves | |
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Refrigerant Lines | |
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Engine-Driven Systems | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Commercial Systems--Applications | |
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Commercial Cabinet Construction | |
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Supermarkets | |
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Grocery Cabinet (Reach-In Cabinet) | |
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Walk-In Cabinet | |
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Display Cases | |
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Frozen Food Storage Cabinet | |
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Fast-Freezing Case | |
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Ice Cream Cabinet | |
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Soda Fountain | |
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Dispensing Freezers | |
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Modular Refrigeration Systems | |
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Water Cooler | |
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Automatic Ice Maker | |
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Vending Machines | |
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Milk Cooler | |
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Bakeries | |
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Refrigerant-to-Water Heat Recovery System | |
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Laboratory Refrigerated Incubators | |
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Industrial Applications | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Servicing and Installing Commercial Systems | |
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Installing Commercial Systems Module | |
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Types of Commercial Installations | |
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Installing Condensing Units | |
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Installing Evaporators | |
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Installing Refrigerant Piping | |
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Electrical Connections | |
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Testing Code Installations | |
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Evacuating System | |
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Checking System before Starting | |
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Charging Commercial Systems | |
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Starting a System | |
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Servicing Commercial Systems Module | |
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Servicing Commercial Units | |
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Service Equipment | |
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General Service Instructions | |
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Servicing Condensing Units | |
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Service Notes | |
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Summary of Refrigerator Mechanism Servicing | |
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Periodic Inspections | |
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Locating Troubles | |
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Refrigeration Service Contracting | |
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Refrigerant Recovering and Recycling | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Commercial Systems--Heat Loads and Piping | |
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Heat Loads Module | |
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Heat Load | |
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Thermodynamics of the Refrigeration Cycle | |
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Evaporator and Condensing Unit Capacities | |
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Evaporator Installations | |
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Water-Cooling Loads | |
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Ice Cream Freezing and Storage Load | |
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System Capacity | |
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Compressor Capacities | |
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Cascade System | |
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Two-Stage Compressor | |
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Bypass Cycle | |
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Motor Sizes | |
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Condenser Capacities | |
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Servicing: Refrigeration Troubleshooting | |
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Lines and Piping Module | |
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Refrigerant Lines and Piping | |
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Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Absorption Systems--Principles and Applications | |
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Absorption System Principles Module | |
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The Absorption System | |
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Types of Absorption Systems | |
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Principle of the Solid Adsorption System | |
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Efficiency of Absorption Systems | |
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Principle of the Intermittent Absorption System | |
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Principle of the Continuous Absorption System | |
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Installing an Absorption Refrigerator | |
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Portable Absorption Refrigerators | |
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Abosorption Refrigerators for Mobile Homes | |
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Residential and Commercial Absorption Systems Module | |
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Residential Absorption Air Conditioners | |
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Commercial Absorption System | |
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Absorption Unit for Air Conditioning and Heating | |
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Servicing Absorption Refrigerators | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Special Refrigeration Systems and Applications | |
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Transportation Refrigeration | |
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Portable Air Conditioning/Spot Cooling | |
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| |
Thermoelectric Refrigeration | |
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| |
Vortex Tube | |
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| |
Jet Cooling Systems | |
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| |
Multistage Systems--Cascade and Compound | |
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Snow Making | |
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Heat Pipe | |
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Immersion (Fast Freeze) | |
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| |
Cryogenic Refrigeration | |
| |
| |
Ozonized Ice and Water | |
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| |
Sterling Cycle | |
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| |
Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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| |
Fundamentals of Air Conditioning | |
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Air Movement and Measurement Module | |
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Definition of Air Conditioning | |
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Air--Atmosphere | |
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Physical Properties of Air | |
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Vapor Barriers | |
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Air Movement | |
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Climate | |
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Heat Insulation | |
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Air Quality Module | |
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Air Quality | |
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Commercial and Residential Air Quality Systems | |
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| |
Comfort Conditions | |
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Noise | |
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| |
Review of Safety | |
| |
| |
Test Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
Basic Heating and Air Conditioning Systems | |
| |
| |
Gas-Fired Gravity Heating System | |
| |
| |
Gas-Fired Forced-Air Heating | |
| |
| |
Gas-Fired Hydronic Heating | |
| |
| |
Oil-Fired Forced-Air Heating | |
| |
| |
Oil-Fired Hydronic Heating | |
| |
| |
Electrical Resistance Heating | |
| |
| |
Radiant Heating | |
| |
| |
Air-to-Air Heat Pumps | |
| |
| |
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems | |
| |
| |
Room Humidifiers | |
| |
| |
Room Dehumidifiers | |
| |
| |
Room Air Conditioners | |
| |
| |
Central Air Conditioners | |
| |
| |
Absorption Cycle Systems | |
| |
| |
Evaporative Condensers | |
| |
| |
Cooling Towers | |
| |
| |
Steam Jet Cooling | |
| |
| |
Vortex Tube Cooling | |
| |
| |
Evaporative Cooling | |
| |
| |
Automobile Air Conditioning | |
| |
| |
Review of Safety | |
| |
| |
Test Your Knowledge | |
| |
| |
Heating and Humidification Systems | |
| |
| |
Gas Heating Systems Module | |
| |
| |
Types of Systems | |
| |
| |
Combustion | |
| |
| |
Fuel Gases | |
| |
| |
Basic Forced Air Components | |
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| |
Gas Burners | |
| |
| |
Furnace Types and Construction | |
| |
| |
Gas Furnace Efficiency | |
| |
| |
Two-Stage Furnace | |
| |
| |
Unit Heaters | |
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| |
Venting of Furnaces and Chimney or Exhaust Gases | |
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| |
Ignition Systems | |
| |
| |
Piping and Gas Pressure | |
| |
| |
Start-Up Check Sheet | |
| |
| |
Maintenance | |
| |
| |
Service and Instrument Check List | |
| |
| |
Hydronic Radiant Heating Module | |
| |
| |
Hydronic Heating System | |
| |
| |
Installing Hydronic Systems | |
| |
| |
Troubleshooting Hydronic Systems | |
| |
| |
Steam Heating Systems | |
| |
| |
Steam Heating Installation | |
| |
| |
Servicing a Steam Heating System | |
| |
| |
Oil Furnaces Module | |
| |
| |
Fuel Oils | |
| |
| |
Oil Furnaces | |
| |
| |
Gun-Type Oil Burners | |
| |
| |
Gun-Type Oil Burner Pumps | |
| |
| |
Electrical (Transformer-Electrode) Ignition | |
| |
| |
Primary Control | |
| |
| |
Oil Tank Installation | |
| |
| |
Oil Burner Installation | |
| |
| |
Servicing a Fuel Oil Burner | |
| |
| |
Electric Heating Module | |
| |
| |
Electric Heat | |
| |
| |
Principles of Electric Heating | |
| |
| |
Applications of Electric Heating | |
| |
| |
Principles of Electric Resistance Heating | |
| |
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Electric Radiant Heat | |
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Installing Heating Coils | |
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Servicing Heating Coils | |
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Alternative Heating Methods Module | |
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Heat Pumps | |
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Coal and Wood Heating | |
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Solar Heating | |
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Cogeneration | |
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Humidification Module | |
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Humidifiers | |
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Types of Humidifiers | |
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Servicing and Installing Humidifiers | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Cooling and Dehumidifying Systems | |
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Principles of Atmosphere Cooling | |
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Comfort Cooling Systems | |
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Self-Contained Comfort Coolers | |
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Remote Comfort Systems | |
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Dehumidifying Equipment | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Air Distribution, Measurement, and Cleaning | |
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Air Distribution Module | |
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Air Properties and Behavior | |
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Air Circulation | |
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Basic Ventilation Requirements | |
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Air Ducts | |
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Special Duct Problems and Duct Maintenance | |
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Duct Sizing | |
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Air Measurement and Cleaning Module | |
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Air Measurement | |
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Air Cleaning | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Central Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps | |
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Heat Pumps Module | |
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Heat Pump Theory | |
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Types of Heat Pumps | |
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Heat Pump Operation | |
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Heat Pump Systems | |
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Heat Pumps and Solar Heating Systems | |
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Heat Pump Water Heaters | |
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Heat Pump Installation | |
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Troubleshooting Heat Pumps | |
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Servicing Heat Pumps | |
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Central Air Conditioning Systems Module | |
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Types of Central Air Conditioning Systems | |
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Installing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems | |
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Inspecting Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems | |
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Servicing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems | |
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Air Circulation Systems and Relative Humidity Control | |
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Large Systems Module | |
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Chilled Water Systems | |
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Types of Chillers | |
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Chiller Compressors | |
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Comfort Cooling Systems | |
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Rooftop Units | |
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Complete Air Conditioning Systems | |
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Ice-Based Systems | |
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Total Energy Systems | |
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District Heating and Cooling Systems | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Solar Energy | |
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The Nature of Solar Energy | |
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Solar Energy Systems | |
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Solar Energy Storage Systems | |
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Supplementary Heat | |
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Solar Energy Cooling Systems | |
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Converting Solar Energy to Electricity | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Air Conditioning and Heating Control Systems | |
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Control Mechanisms Module | |
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Controls | |
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Thermostats | |
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Thermostat Operation | |
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Heating Thermostats | |
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Cooling Thermostats | |
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Combination Thermostats | |
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Electronic Thermostats | |
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Timer-Thermostats | |
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Multistage Thermostats | |
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Hydronic Thermostats | |
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Portable Thermostats | |
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Thermostat Location and Servicing | |
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Control System Components Module | |
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Controllers | |
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Primary Controls | |
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Sequential Operating Controls | |
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Limit Controls | |
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Fan Controls | |
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Control Circuits | |
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Airflow Controls | |
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Distribution Controls | |
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Energy Management Module | |
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Total Energy Management Systems | |
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Energy Management System Types and Functions | |
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Control System Diagnostics and Repair | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Air Conditioning Systems--Heating and Cooling Loads | |
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Heat Loads | |
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Design Temperatures | |
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Insulation and Vapor Barriers | |
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Energy Conservation | |
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Construction Types and Designs | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Automotive Air Conditioning | |
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Automotive Air Conditioning and Heating Systems | |
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Air Conditioner Operation | |
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Operating Conditions | |
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Electrical Systems | |
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Air Distribution | |
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Insulation | |
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Types of Control Systems | |
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Truck and Bus Air Conditioning | |
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Servicing Automobile Air Conditioners | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Servicing and Troubleshooting Simplified | |
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Servicing and Troubleshooting | |
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Troubleshooting Procedure | |
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Troubleshooting Charts | |
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Customer Relations | |
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Review of Safety | |
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Test Your Knowledge | |
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Passing Technician Certification Exams | |
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Preparing for Epa Exams Module | |
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Technician Certification and Associations | |
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Certification Types | |
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Recovery Procedures | |
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Leak Repairs | |
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Exam Preparation | |
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Test Format | |
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Taking the Test | |
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Areas for Research | |
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North American Technician Excellence Air Conditioning Excellence HVAC Exam | |
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Service Organizations and Industry Associations | |
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Typical Questions Module | |
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Types of Questions | |
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Technical Characteristics | |
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Kata Thermometer | |
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Infrared Thermometer | |
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Weights and Specific Heats of Substances | |
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Energy | |
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Energy Equivalents (U.S. Conventional) | |
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Energy Equivalents (SI Metric) | |
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Linear Measurement Equivalents (U.S. Conventional--SI Metric) | |
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Fractional Inch Equivalents (Decimals and Millimeters) | |
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Area Equivalents | |
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Volume Equivalents | |
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Pressure Equivalents | |
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Velocity Equivalents | |
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Liquid Measure Equivalents | |
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Weight Equivalents | |
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Flow Equivalents | |
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Heat Equivalents | |
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Pumping Ratio | |
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Compression Ratio | |
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Temperature Conversion Table | |
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Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) | |
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Standard Temperature | |
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Standard Pressure | |
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Standard Temperature and Pressure Sample | |
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Standard Air | |
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Heating Value of Fuels | |
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Single-Source Energy | |
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Thermodynamic Laws | |
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Heat Conductivity | |
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Entropy | |
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Theory of Matter | |
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Electron Theory | |
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The Atom | |
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The Electron | |
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Electrical Units and Symbols | |
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Motor Size Calculation | |
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Lowering Voltage Saves Power | |
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Resistances of Conductors, Semiconductors, and Nonconductors | |
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Color Code for Resistors | |
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Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits | |
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Electrical Codes | |
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Root Mean Square (rms) Values | |
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Galvanic Action Sequence | |
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Electrolysis | |
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Moisture-Holding Properties of Air | |
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Evaporation Sources | |
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Desiccants | |
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Psychrometric Chart Formula | |
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Boyle's Law | |
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Charles's Law | |
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Gas Law | |
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Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction of a Gas | |
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Isothermal Expansion and Contraction of a Gas | |
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Gas and Vapor | |
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Refrigerant Properties | |
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Characteristics of Little-Used Refrigerants | |
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Metric Pressure-Heat Diagrams | |
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Moisture in Liquid Refrigerants | |
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Dryness of Refrigerants | |
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Refrigerant Oils | |
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Eutectic (Phase-Change) Materials | |
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Cryogenic Temperatures | |
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Brine Freezing Temperatures | |
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Twist Drill Sizes | |
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| |
Piping Color Codes | |
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| |
Solders and Brazing Metals | |
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| |
Flare Nut Wrench Sizes | |
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Solvents and Cleaning | |
| |
| |
Clean Rooms | |
| |
| |
Review of Safety | |
| |
| |
Dictionary of Technical Terms | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
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| |
Index | |