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| Series Foreword | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Preface | |
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| The Normal Auditory Brainstem Response | |
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| Introduction and Overview | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| How the Abr Fits with Other Auditory Evoked Potentials | |
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| Overview of Applications of the Abr | |
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| Scope of Patients Who Benefit From Abr Testing | |
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| The Normal Abr | |
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| Definition of the Abr | |
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| The Normal Abr Waveform | |
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| Neural Generators of the Abr | |
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| Characteristics of A Normal Abr | |
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| Absolute Latency | |
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| Interwave Latency Intervals | |
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| Interaural Latency Differences | |
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| Latency-Intensity Functions | |
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| Rate Changes | |
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| Amplitude | |
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| Waveform Morphology and Replicability | |
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| Normative Data and Establishing Norms | |
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| Acquisition of the Abr | |
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| General Principles of Evoked Potential Measurement | |
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| Evoked Versus Nonevoked Potentials | |
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| Near-Field Versus Far-Field Recording | |
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| Neural Synchrony | |
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| Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement With Signal Averaging and Time-Locking | |
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| General Recording Considerations | |
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| Test Environment | |
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| Patient Considerations | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Stimulus Generators | |
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| Transducers | |
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| Trigger | |
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| Electrodes | |
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| Two-Channel Recordings | |
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| One-Channel Recordings | |
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| Electrode Application and Electrode Impedance | |
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| Preamplifiers | |
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| Common Mode Rejection | |
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| Filters | |
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| Signal Averager | |
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| Display of Responses | |
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| Artifact Rejection | |
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| Data Analysis and Storage | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Specialized Techniques in Abr Acquisition | |
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| Signal-to-Noise Estimation | |
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| F[subscript SP] Averaging | |
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| Maximum Length Sequences (MLS) | |
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| Automated Identification of Waveforms | |
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| Stimulus, Recording, and Patient Factors Influencing the ABR | |
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| Effects of Stimulus Factors | |
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| Stimulus Intensity | |
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| Stimulus Rate | |
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| Stimulus Polarity | |
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| Rarefaction Stimuli | |
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| Condensation Stimuli | |
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| Alternating-Polarity Stimuli | |
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| Polarity and Peripheral Hearing Loss | |
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| Comparison of Rarefaction and Condensation Responses | |
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| Stimulus Duration and Rise Time | |
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| Stimulus Frequency | |
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| Monaural Versus Binaural Recordings | |
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| Effects of Recording Factors | |
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| Electrode Montages | |
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| Filter Settings | |
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| Time Window | |
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| One- Versus Two-Channel Recordings | |
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| Number of Sweeps | |
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| Effects of Patient Factors | |
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| Age | |
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| Gender | |
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| Age and Gender | |
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| Medication | |
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| Attention | |
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| Body Temperature | |
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| Muscle Artifact | |
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| Clinical Applications of the Auditory Brainstem Response | |
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| Clinical Applications of the ABR in Neurological Testing | |
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| Application and Procedure | |
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| Who Should Be Tested? | |
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| Test Procedures | |
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| Identification of Wavel | |
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| Use of Masking | |
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| Effects of Cochlear Hearing Loss | |
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| Wave V Latency | |
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| Latency-Intensity Functions in Cochlear Hearing Losses | |
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| High-Frequency Hearing Loss | |
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| Asymmetric Hearing Loss | |
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| Stimulus Polarity Interactions With Cochlear Hearing Loss | |
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| Overcoming the Effects of Peripheral Hearing Loss | |
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| Identification of Wavel | |
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| Correction Factors | |
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| Alternative Methods | |
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| Effects of Conductive Hearing Loss | |
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| Effects of Neurological Disorders | |
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| Eighth Nerve Tumors and Other Neoplasms | |
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| Normal Pure-Tone Thresholds and Abnormal ABRs | |
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| Poor Pure-Tone Thresholds and Abnormal ABRs | |
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| Neurofibromatosis | |
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| Strategies in Interpretation of Results in Patients With Suspected Tumors | |
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| Demyelinating and Other Neurological Diseases | |
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| Other Neural Disorders Affecting the ABR | |
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| Auditory Neuropathy | |
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| Fourth Ventricle Hydroencephaly | |
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| Vascular Abnormalities | |
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| Head Injury | |
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| Coma and Brain Death | |
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| Use of the Abr in Intraoperative and Intensive Care Unit Monitoring | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of the Abr in Neurological Applications | |
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| Strengths of the Abr | |
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| Limitations of the Abr in Neurological Applications | |
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| Technical Errors | |
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| Cross-Check Among Tests | |
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| Clinical Application of the ABR in Estimating Hearing Sensitivity | |
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| A Brief Historical Perspective | |
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| What Auditory Evoked Potentials Test | |
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| When to Use the Abr to Estimate Auditory Function | |
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| Clicks Versus Frequency-Specific Stimuli | |
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| Types of Frequency-Specific Stimuli | |
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| Tonebursts | |
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| Stimulus Polarity Effects With Tonebursts | |
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| High-Frequency Tonebursts | |
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| Masking Noise With Clicks and Tonebursts | |
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| High-Pass Masking of Clicks | |
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| High-Pass Masking and Tonebursts | |
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| Tonebursts in Notched Noise | |
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| Procedures in Using the Abr to Estimate Hearing Sensitivity | |
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| Test Protocols For Infants and Children | |
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| ABR to Air-Conducted Clicks | |
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| ABRs to 500-Hz Tonebursts | |
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| ABR to Bone-Conducted Clicks | |
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| Modifications to Improve Test Efficiency | |
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| Test Protocol for Older Children and Adults Using the 40-Hz Response | |
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| Steady State Responses | |
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| SN[subscript 10] Response | |
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| Use of Masking | |
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| Relation of Responses to Behavioral Thresholds | |
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| Cautions and Considerations | |
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| Neural Integrity | |
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| Collapsing Ear Canals | |
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| Middle Ear Function and Otoacoustic Emissions | |
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| The ABR Is Not a Hearing Test | |
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| Technical Errors | |
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| Testing Infants and Children With Physiological Measures | |
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| Physiological Techniques in Pediatric Audiology | |
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| Immittance and Middle Ear Muscle Reflexes | |
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| Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions | |
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| Auditory Evoked Potentials | |
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| Auditory Brainstem Response | |
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| Who Should Be Tested? | |
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| Estimating Auditory Sensitivity in Infants and Children | |
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| Examining Auditory Pathway Integrity | |
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| Middle Latency and Late Potentials | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of Auditory Evoked Potentials in Pediatric Applications | |
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| Strengths | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Newborn Hearing Screening Using the ABR | |
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| Abr Screening Methods | |
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| Retrospective Studies of Abr Testing in Newborns | |
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| Special Considerations in Recording ABRs in Infants | |
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| Electrode Montages | |
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| Number of Recording Channels | |
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| Filter Characteristics | |
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| Bone-Conduction ABRs in Infants | |
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| Waveform Interpretation and Normative Data | |
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| Ear and Gender Differences in the ABR | |
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| Relation Between ABR Thresholds and Behavioral Thresholds | |
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| Auditory Neuropathy in Infants and Young Children | |
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| Case Studies and Report Writing | |
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| ABR Case Studies | |
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| Case Study 1: Unilateral Cochlear Hearing Loss and A Normal ABR | |
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| Case Study 2: High-Frequency Asymmetric Cochlear Hearing Loss | |
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| Case Study 3: Cochlear Hearing Loss With A Negative Summating Potential | |
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| Case Study 4: Adult with Hearing Within Normal Limits and an Elghth Nerve Tumor | |
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| Case Study 5: Adult with Asymmetric Hearing Loss and an Eighth Nerve Tumor | |
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| Case Study 6: Adult with Asymmetric Hearing Loss and an Eighth Nerve Tumor | |
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| Case Study 7: Adult with an Eighth Nerve Tumor and an Abnormal Abr Rate Effect | |
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| Case Study 8: Severe Unilateral Hearing Loss and A Vestibular Schwannoma | |
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| Case Study 9: Adult with Meningioma | |
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| Case Study 10: Adult with Brainstem Gliomas | |
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| Case Study 11: Infant with Normal Hearing | |
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| Case Study 12: Child With A Bilateral Conductive Hearing Loss | |
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| Case Study 13: Child with Unilateral Atresia | |
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| Case Study 14: Child with A Moderate Sensory Hearing Loss | |
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| Case Study 15: Child With A Unilateral Sensory Hearing Loss | |
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| Case Study 16: Adult with an Auditory Neuropathy | |
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| Case Study 17: Infant with an Auditory Neuropathy | |
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| Case Study 18: Collapsed Ear Canal That Mimics A Retrocochlear Lesion | |
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| Case Study 19: Postauricular Muscle Artifact | |
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| Case Study 20: Technical Error in Electrode Connection | |
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| Reporting ABR Test Results | |
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| Abr Testing for Estimation of Peripheral Hearing Sensitivity | |
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| Sample Infant/Child Report--Consistent With Normal Peripheral Sensitivity | |
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| Sample Infant/Child Report--Consistent With Moderate Conductive Hearing Loss | |
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| Sample Infant/Child Report--Consistent With Mild to Moderate Cochlear Hearing Loss | |
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| Abr Testing for Otoneurological Evaluation | |
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| Sample Adult Report--Normal Peripheral Hearing and Normal ABR | |
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| Sample Adult Report--ABR Consistent With Bilateral Moderately Severe High-Frequency Peripheral Hearing Loss | |
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| Sample Adult Report--Abnormal ABR Consistent With Eighth Nerve/Brainstem Lesion | |
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| ABR Laboratory Exercises and Protocol Practice | |
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| Laboratory Exercises | |
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| Normal Auditory Brainstem Response | |
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| Effects of Stimulus Intensity | |
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| Effects of Stimulus Polarity | |
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| Effects of Presentation Rate | |
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| Comparison of Electrode Montages | |
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| Effects of Filter Settings | |
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| 500-Hz Toneburst ABR | |
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| Bone-Conduction ABR | |
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| 40-Hz Response Using a 500-Hz Toneburst | |
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| Protocol Practice | |
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| Neurological Application | |
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| Estimation of Hearing Sensitivity in Infants | |
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| Estimation of Hearing Sensitivity in Older Children or Adults | |
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| Skill Checklist | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |