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| About the Authors | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Introduction and International Regulations | |
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| Introduction to Global Navigation | |
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| Earlier Days of Navigation | |
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| The Science and Art of Navigation | |
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| The Arrangement and Use of This Book | |
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| Sources of Navigational Information | |
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| A Historical Background of International Air Law | |
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| The Question of Sovereignty in Airspace | |
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| The Paris Convention 1919 | |
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| The Havana Convention 1928 | |
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| Worldwide International Law | |
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| The Warsaw Convention 1929 | |
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| The Chicago Conference 1944 | |
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| The History of ICAO | |
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| The Bermuda Agreement 1946 | |
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| ICAO--The Organization Described | |
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| The Assembly | |
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| The Council | |
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| The Secretariat | |
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| ICAO Rules | |
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| Signals | |
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| The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Transporting Dangerous Goods | |
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| ICAO Identifying Codes | |
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| Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks | |
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| International Airport Identifiers | |
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| Earth Reference Systems | |
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| Location | |
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| LOP and Fix | |
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| FRD | |
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| Direction | |
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| Terms of Direction | |
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| Great Circle and Rhumb Line Direction | |
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| Distance | |
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| Latitude and Longitude | |
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| Size and Shape of the Earth | |
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| Great and Small Circles | |
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| Latitude and Longitude as a Reference System | |
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| A Change in the Geodetic Referencing System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Maps and Charts | |
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| Charts vs. Maps | |
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| Charts and Projections | |
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| Choice of Projection | |
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| Classification of Projections | |
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| Azimuthal Projections | |
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| Cylindrical Projections | |
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| Conic Projections | |
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| Aeronautical Charts | |
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| Scale | |
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| DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications | |
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| Jeppesen Sanderson | |
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| Governments | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Basic Navigation Instruments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Direction | |
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| Basic Instruments | |
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| Earth's Magnetic Field | |
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| Compasses | |
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| Magnetic Compass | |
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| Direct Indicating Magnetic Compass | |
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| Compass Compensation | |
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| Vertical Card Compasses | |
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| Magnetic Compass Errors | |
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| The Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass | |
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| Gyroscopes as Directional Indicators | |
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| Gyrocompass Errors | |
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| Using the Gyrocompass in the North | |
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| Track | |
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| Driftmeter | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Basic Navigation Techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dead Reckoning Navigation | |
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| The Running Fix | |
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| The Single LOP Approach | |
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| Precision Dead Reckoning | |
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| Doppler | |
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| Explanation of Terms | |
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| Plotting | |
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| Plotting Procedure, Mercator Chart | |
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| Plotting Procedures, Lambert Conformal and Gnomonic Charts | |
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| International Trip Planning and Preparation | |
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| The Checklist | |
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| Planning Resources | |
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| DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications | |
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| Aeronautical Chart Currency and Updating Information | |
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| Jeppesen Sanderson | |
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| Planning Services | |
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| International Planning Service Providers | |
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| Computer Access Services | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Preliminary Planning | |
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| International Flight Planning--the Concept | |
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| What to Expect Upon Arrival | |
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| The International Flight Plan | |
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| General Instructions | |
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| Itemized Instructions for Flight Plan Completion | |
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| Completing the Flight Planning Process | |
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| International Flight Planning Services (IFPS) | |
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| Readings about International Culture and Customs | |
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| Trans-Oceanic and Trans-Wilderness Planning | |
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| Flight Planning for the North Atlantic | |
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| NAIGON Excerpts | |
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| Equipment Requirements | |
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| Operational Considerations in Sparsely Settled Areas | |
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| North Atlantic Route Planning | |
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| ETOPS | |
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| North Atlantic MNPS Airspace | |
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| Application of Mach Number Technique | |
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| Application of Datum Line Technique | |
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| Aircraft Minimum Navigational Capability | |
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| Flight Planning for the North Pacific | |
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| North Pacific Oceanic Route Structure | |
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| Tokyo-Honolulu Flexible Track System | |
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| Mach Number Procedures | |
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| Oceanic Position Reporting Procedures | |
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| Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System | |
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| Finishing the Planning Job | |
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| ETP and the Wet Footprint | |
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| International Flight Operations | |
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| Operational Considerations for International Flight | |
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| Cabotage | |
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| Other Entry Requirements | |
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| The Nine "Fs" of International Flight | |
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| North Atlantic Operational Considerations | |
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| Clearances | |
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| Obtaining a Clearance | |
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| ATC System Loop Errors | |
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| Position Reporting Procedures | |
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| Time and Place of Position Reports | |
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| Position Report Prefix | |
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| Contents of Position Reports | |
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| Next Position and Time Over | |
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| Next Subsequent Position | |
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| Transmission of Position Reports | |
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| Meteorological Reports | |
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| In-Flight Contingencies | |
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| International Air Traffic Control Phraseology | |
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| MNPSA Operational Considerations | |
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| ATC Flight Plans | |
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| Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingencies | |
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| Procedures for Loss of Navigational Capability | |
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| Managing Errors | |
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| Conducting the Flight in the MNPSA | |
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| Leaving the Ramp | |
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| While on Airways | |
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| ATC Oceanic Clearance | |
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| Approaching the Ocean | |
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| Oceanic Boundary Position Report | |
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| Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint | |
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| Routine Monitoring | |
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| Approaching Landfall | |
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| Monitoring During Distractions from Routine | |
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| Avoiding Confusion Between Magnetic and True | |
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| Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability | |
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| North Atlantic Procedures--An Example Flight | |
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| Route Planning | |
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| Track Planning | |
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| PRMS--Preferred Route Message | |
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| Preflight | |
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| ETOPS Planning | |
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| Takeoff and Enroute Alternates | |
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| Loading the Nav Systems | |
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| From Launch to Coast-Out Point | |
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| In MNPS Airspace | |
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| In-Flight Emergencies | |
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| Nearing the Coast-In Point | |
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| Arrival | |
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| Flying in Europe | |
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| European Air Traffic Flow Management | |
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| Organization and Procedures | |
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| Flight Plan Filing Requirements | |
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| The Slot Allocation Process | |
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| The Flexible Use of Airspace Concept Within Europe--Conditional Routes | |
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| New Trends and Developments | |
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| A Few Words About Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) | |
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| Hints for Flying in Europe | |
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| Flying Within the European Control System | |
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| Example Flight | |
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| International Weather | |
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| Aviation Weather Information | |
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| Meteorological Code | |
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| International Surface Reports (METAR) | |
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| General | |
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| Reporting Type, Time and Reporting Station | |
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| Wind | |
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| Visibility | |
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| Runway Visual Range | |
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| Present Weather | |
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| Clouds | |
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| Temperature and Dew Point | |
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| Altimeter Setting | |
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| Trend Forecast | |
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| Remarks | |
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| Airborne Reports | |
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| Forecasts (TAFs) | |
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| Terminal Forecasts | |
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| Volmets | |
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| ICAO Annex 3--Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation | |
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| Definitions | |
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| World Area Forecast System and Meteorological Offices | |
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| Inertial Navigation | |
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| An Introduction to Inertial Navigation | |
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| Principles of Strapdown Inertial Navigation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modes of Operation | |
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| Theory of Operation | |
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| Accelerometer Principle of Operation | |
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| Triple-Axis Navigation Computation | |
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| Laser Principle of Operation | |
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| The Pilot's Perspective About INS Errors | |
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| Loran-C | |
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| The Loran-C System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modern Loran-C Aviation Receivers | |
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| Theory of Operation | |
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| The Loran-C Chain | |
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| Chain Geometry | |
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| Chain Coverage Area | |
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| The Pulse | |
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| Received Signal Characteristics | |
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| LORAN-C Operations | |
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| Notes for Pilots | |
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| Historical Notes and the Future of Loran-C | |
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| Global Positioning System | |
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| GPS System Overview | |
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| General System Description | |
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| Program Management | |
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| System Technical Description | |
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| System Performance | |
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| Navigation Using GPS | |
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| Types of GPS Receivers and Their Applications | |
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| GPS Receiver Architectures | |
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| Time-To-First-Fix | |
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| GPS Specification and Design Issues | |
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| System Availability | |
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| Positioning Availability | |
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| Satellite Selection Criteria | |
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| Figure of Merit | |
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| Aiding Capabilities for a GPS Receiver | |
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| Types of Aiding | |
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| Aiding During Acquisition of Initial Track | |
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| Aiding to Replace a Satellite Measurement | |
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| Aiding to Maintain Satellite Track | |
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| Differential GPS | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Differential GPS Concept | |
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| DGPS Implementation Types | |
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| GPS Error Sources | |
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| GPS as an Attitude Reference System | |
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| Concept of Operation | |
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| Single and Double Differencing | |
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| Interferometry | |
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| WAAS and LAAS | |
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| Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) | |
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| Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) | |
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| Flight Management Systems | |
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| System Description | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Navigation Management Functions | |
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| Navigation Modes | |
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| Database | |
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| Guidance | |
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| Map Displays | |
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| Miscellaneous Functions | |
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| Controls | |
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| Control Display Unit | |
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| CRT | |
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| Color Assignments | |
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| Alphanumeric Keys | |
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| Scratchpad | |
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| Line-Select Keys | |
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| Function Keys | |
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| Annunciators | |
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| Brightness Control | |
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| Viewing Angle | |
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| Navigation | |
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| Time | |
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| A Concept of Vital Importance to Pilots | |
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| The Evolution of the Calendar | |
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| The Calendar of Romulus | |
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| The Numa Calendar | |
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| The Julian Calendar | |
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| The Gregorian Calendar | |
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| The First Almanacs | |
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| The Greek Olympiads | |
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| The Hebrew Calendar | |
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| The French Revolutionary Decimal Calendar | |
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| The Soviet Russia Experiments in Calendar Changing | |
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| The Julian Day of the Astronomers | |
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| Calendar Improvement | |
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| Kinds of Time | |
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| Universal Time | |
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| Stellar or Sidereal Time | |
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| The Earth's Rotation and Universal Time | |
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| Ephemeris Time | |
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| Length of the Year | |
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| The Timekeepers | |
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| NBS and USNO | |
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| The Bureau International de I'Heure | |
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| History of Time Broadcasts | |
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| Standard Time Zones and Daylight-Saving Time | |
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| How Pilots Know What Time It Is | |
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| Time From the Sky | |
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| Measuring Time | |
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| Apparent Solar Time | |
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| Mean Solar Time | |
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| Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) | |
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| Local Mean Time (LMT) | |
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| Relationship of Time and Longitude | |
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| Navigation System Errors and Limitations | |
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| Risk Management | |
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| Navigation System Limitations | |
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| The Accuracy Check | |
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| The Gross Error Check | |
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| Procedures Used to Minimize Errors | |
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| Additional Procedures for Error Detection | |
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| The Use of a Master Document | |
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| Clearances | |
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| Position Plotting | |
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| Relief Crew Members | |
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| Preflight Procedures Aimed at Minimizing Error | |
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| Guarding Against Complacency--A Caution | |
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| Rare Causes of Errors | |
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| More Common Causes of Errors | |
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| Hints to Help Avoid Complacency | |
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| Celestial Concepts | |
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| Celestial Navigation | |
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| Celestial Concepts | |
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| Motions of Celestial Bodies | |
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| Apparent Motion | |
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| Seasons | |
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| Celestial Coordinates | |
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| The Celestial LOP | |
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| Observed Altitude | |
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| True Azimuth | |
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| The Celestial Fix | |
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| Duration of Daylight | |
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| Altitude Effect | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Future of Air Navigation | |
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| FANS | |
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| The Present Air Navigation System | |
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| Communications | |
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| Navigation | |
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| Surveillance | |
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| Air Traffic Services (ATS) | |
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| Need for Change | |
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| The Future Air Navigation System | |
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| Communications | |
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| Navigation | |
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| Surveillance | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| Navigation Terminology | |
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| International Operations Terminology | |
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| Readings in International Etiquette and Customs ICAO Flight Plan Form (blank) | |
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| Index | |