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| Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Special Nature of Our Coasts | |
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| The Pressures on the Coastal Zone | |
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| The Pressures Exerted by Humans | |
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| The Effects of Human Pressure | |
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| Public Policy Exacerbates the Pressures | |
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| Sustaining the Coast: The Overarching Challenge | |
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| The Rationale for Government Intervention | |
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| Understanding the Coastal Environment | |
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| Defining the Coastal Zone | |
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| Types of Coastal Landforms | |
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| Time Scales of Change | |
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| Coastal Ecosystems | |
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| Barrier Islands | |
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| Estuaries | |
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| Coastal Marshes | |
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| Coral Reefs | |
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| Rocky Shores and Bluffs | |
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| Coastal Forces and Processes | |
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| Wind | |
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| Waves | |
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| Currents | |
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| Tides | |
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| Hurricanes and Extratropical Storms | |
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| Sea Level Rise | |
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| Erosion and Accretion | |
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| Coastal Organisms | |
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| The Great Lakes | |
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| Geomorphology | |
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| Lake Characteristics | |
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| Lake Levels | |
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| Lake Stratification and Turnover | |
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| Wetlands | |
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| Pollution and Toxic Contaminants | |
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| Climate Change and the Great Lakes | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Coastal Pressures and Critical Management Issues | |
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| Land Use Patterns and Human Alterations of the Coastal Zone | |
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| Patterns of Ownership and Control | |
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| Critical Coastal Management Issues: The Challenge of Sustaining the Coast | |
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| Coastal Storm Mitigation | |
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| Shoreline Erosion and Sea Level Rise | |
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| Strategic Retreat or Coastal Reinforcement? | |
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| Protection of Coastal Wetlands and Resourcelands | |
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| Protection of Coastal Waters | |
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| Energy Development and the Coast | |
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| Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation | |
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| Marine and Fishery Management | |
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| The Coast as a Recreational Commons: Protecting Access to Beaches and Shorelines | |
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| Social Equity in Coastal Planning | |
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| Coastal Sprawl, Land Use Pressures, and Quality of Life | |
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| Private Property versus the Public Interest in Coastal Planning | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Coastal Management Framework | |
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| Role of State and Local Governments | |
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| Stakeholders in Coastal Management | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Federal Coastal Policy | |
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| Direct Coastal Policy | |
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| Coastal Zone Management Act | |
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| A Collaborative Strategy | |
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| Coastal Barrier Resources Act | |
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| National Marine Sanctuary Program | |
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| The National Estuarine Research Reserve System | |
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| National Estuary Program | |
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| Marine Protected Areas | |
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| Federal Environmental Policy That Affects the Coast | |
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| National Environmental Policy Act | |
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| Clean Water Act | |
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| Clean Air Act | |
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| Endangered Species Act | |
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| National Flood Insurance Program | |
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| Federal Disaster Assistance | |
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| Beach Renourishment and Shoreline Protection | |
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| National Park System | |
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| Brownfields | |
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| De Facto Coastal Policy | |
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| Department of Energy | |
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| Internal Revenue Service | |
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| Coastal Development Subsidies | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| State Coastal Management Programs | |
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| Overview of State Programs | |
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| Shoreline Management and Retreat | |
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| Restrictions on Shore-Hardening Structures | |
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| Managing Reconstruction | |
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| Unbuildable Lots | |
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| Building Codes and Construction Standards | |
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| Coastal Wetlands Protection | |
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| Sea Level Rise | |
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| Beach Access and Land Acquisition | |
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| Cumulative and Secondary Impacts | |
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| Urban Waterfront Development | |
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| Special Area Management Plans | |
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| Areas of Particular Concern | |
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| Marine Debris | |
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| Aquaculture, Energy, and Government Facility Siting | |
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| Ocean Management | |
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| State Case Studies | |
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| Maine | |
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| North Carolina | |
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| Oregon | |
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| The Success of the CZMA | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Regional Management of Coastal Resources | |
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| What Is Regional Management? | |
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| The Watershed Protection Approach | |
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| Protecting Water Quality from Nonpoint Source Pollution | |
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| Defining the Watershed | |
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| Principles of the Watershed Protection Approach | |
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| Watershed Protection Projects | |
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| Special Area Management Plans | |
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| The Chesapeake Bay Program | |
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| Natural Features of the Chesapeake Bay | |
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| A Working Partnership | |
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| Chesapeake 2000 Agreement | |
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| Toxics 2000 Strategy | |
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| Nutrient Reduction in the Bay | |
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| The Great Lakes Program | |
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| The National Estuary Program | |
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| Puget Sound: An NEP Success | |
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| The National Marine Sanctuary Program | |
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| Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary | |
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| The Cape Cod Commission | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Local Coastal Management | |
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| Toward Sustainable Coastal Communities | |
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| Overview of Local Coastal Planning and Management | |
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| Managing Coastal Growth | |
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| Growth Management: Tools and Techniques | |
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| Comprehensive Plans | |
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| Conventional Zoning | |
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| Setback Requirements | |
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| Community Character and Sense of Place | |
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| Subdivision Ordinances | |
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| Carrying Capacity | |
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| Land and Property Acquisition | |
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| Taxation and Fiscal Incentives | |
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| Capital Facilities and Public Infrastructure Policy | |
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| Information Dissemination and Community Awareness | |
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| Beyond Growth Management: Broader Community Sustainability | |
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| Towards Ecological Cities on the Coast | |
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| Green Governance | |
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| Ecological Infrastructure | |
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| Sustainable Economy | |
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| Sustainable Mobility in Coastal Communities | |
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| Educating the Public for a Sustainable Future | |
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| Impediments and Obstacles to Local Sustainability | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Creative Coastal Development: Building Sustainably along the Coast | |
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| Environmentally Sensitive Coastal Development Is Not New | |
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| Conservation Communities in the Coastal Zone | |
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| Ecological Site Design | |
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| Building Ecologically but Profitably | |
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| Green Buildings in the Coastal Zone | |
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| New Urbanism in the Coastal Zone | |
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| Equity and Affordability as Key Elements | |
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| Redevelopment and Rebuilding: Recycling Coastal Lands | |
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| Strategies for Promoting Creative Coastal Development | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Conclusions: Future Directions in U.S. Coastal Management | |
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| Sustaining the Coast: Looking to the Future | |
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| An Essential Federal Role | |
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| The Leadership Role of States | |
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| Managing the Coast at the Local and Regional Level | |
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| A Final Note: Defending a Collaborative Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Index | |