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| Preface | |
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| Scope and Approach | |
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| The United States in Comparative and International Perspective | |
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| Women’s Studies from a Social Science Perspective | |
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| Methodology and the Process of Research and Interpretation | |
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| Historical Understanding | |
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| An Interdisciplinary Approach | |
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| Diversity among Women | |
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| What Lies Ahead? | |
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| Organization: General Approach | |
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| Organization: The Flow | |
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| Revisions | |
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| Study Aids | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Developing Frameworks for the Study of Gender and Society | |
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| Reflect Before You Read | |
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| Introducing Women’s Studies | |
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| Representing Women | |
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| Knowledge and the Representation of Women | |
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| Women’s Studies as a Field of Study | |
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| Understanding Gender and Gender Differences | |
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| When and Why Are Gender Differences Interesting? | |
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| What Is the Connection between Difference and Inequality | |
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| When Is a Difference Really a Difference? | |
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| Social Science Methods of Studying Women and Gender | |
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| Social Science as Systematic Observation | |
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| Methods Women’s Studies Researchers Use | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| Depth Interviewing | |
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| Event or Institutional Case Studies | |
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| Archival Research | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Societal-Level Approaches to Understanding Women’s Lives | |
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| U.S. Women in Global Perspective | |
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| Literacy and Education | |
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| Marriage and Reproduction | |
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| Work and Economic Life | |
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| Women and the State | |
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| Women and Political Power | |
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| Policies Affecting Women | |
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| Cross-National Comparative Perspectives: Conclusions | |
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| Explaining Women’s Situation at the Societal Level: Six Theoretical Approaches | |
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| The Eternal Feminine: Traditional Theological Perspectives | |
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| Natural Woman and Man: From Traditional Science to Complex Systems | |
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| The Genetic Basis of Sex | |
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| The Role of Hormones | |
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| The Structure of the Brain | |
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| From Sex to Gender | |
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| Social Structures of Gender: Sex/Gender Systems | |
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| The Inevitable Progress of Enlightenment and Modernization | |
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| Foundations of Liberalism | |
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| Liberalism and Women | |
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| Natural History and Evolution | |
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| Foundations of Evolutionary Theory | |
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| Early Feminist Critiques | |
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| Current Views of Evolution and Sexual Differentiation | |
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| More Natural History: Economic and Historical-Materialist Theories | |
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| Marxist Foundations | |
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| Marxism and Women | |
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| Contemporary Economic and Materialist Theories | |
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| Power Struggles: Dominance and Self-Determination | |
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| Freud and the War between the Sexes | |
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| Societal Stress and Cultural Strain | |
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| Anti-Feminist Sex-War Theory | |
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| Evaluating Power-Struggle Theories | |
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| Toward Understanding Development and Change in Sex/ Gender Systems | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Individual-Level Approaches to Understanding Women’s Lives | |
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| What Difference Does a Person’s | |