About the Author | p. ix |
Acknowledgements | p. xi |
Introduction | p. xiii |
Calibration Principles | p. 1 |
What Is Calibration? | p. 1 |
What Are the Characteristics of a Calibration? | p. 2 |
Why Is Calibration Required? | p. 6 |
Who Performs Calibrations? - The Control System Technician | p. 8 |
Characteristics of a Control System Technician | p. 9 |
Loop Calibration vs. Individual Instrument Calibration | p. 10 |
Bench Calibration vs. Field Calibration | p. 11 |
Classification of Instruments | p. 12 |
Chapter Summary | p. 13 |
Review Questions | p. 14 |
Documentation | p. 17 |
Calibration Procedure Content | p. 19 |
Calibration Data Sheets (See Examples in Appendix A-4) | p. 21 |
P&IDs (See Example in Appendix A-1) | p. 23 |
Loop Diagrams (See Examples in Appendix A-2) | p. 25 |
Instrument Specification Forms (See Examples in Appendix A-3) | p. 26 |
Project Specifications | p. 27 |
Manufacturer's Specifications | p. 27 |
Calibration Intervals | p. 28 |
Safety Considerations | p. 29 |
Calibration Status Labels | p. 30 |
Review Questions | p. 31 |
Temperature Instrument Calibration | p. 33 |
What is Temperature? | p. 33 |
Temperature Sensors | p. 34 |
Signal Conversion | p. 35 |
Review Questions | p. 44 |
Pressure Instrument Calibration | p. 49 |
What is Pressure? | p. 49 |
Challenges When Calibrating Pressure | p. 50 |
Calibrating Pressure Gauges | p. 52 |
Calibrating Pressure Transmitters | p. 55 |
Calibrating Pressure Switches | p. 55 |
Review Questions | p. 56 |
Level Instrument Calibration | p. 61 |
Types of Level Instruments | p. 61 |
Special Considerations with Level Calibration | p. 64 |
Calibrating a Differential Pressure Level Transmitter | p. 67 |
Calibrating a Capacitance Level Instrument | p. 71 |
Calibrating an Ultrasonic Level Instrument | p. 72 |
Review Questions | p. 74 |
Flow Instrument Calibration | p. 77 |
Types of Flow Instruments | p. 77 |
Calibration of Flowmeters | p. 82 |
D/P Transmitter Calibration | p. 83 |
Example: Magnetic Flowmeter Calibration | p. 84 |
Flowmeter Calibration Using a Master Meter (Prover) | p. 86 |
Gravimetric Method for Flowmeter Calibration (Measurement by Weight) | p. 87 |
Review Questions | p. 88 |
Final Control Devices Calibration | p. 89 |
Calibration of an I/P Transducer | p. 95 |
Calibration of a Valve Positioner | p. 96 |
Calibration of a Control Valve | p. 97 |
Review Questions | p. 97 |
Process Analytical Instrument Calibration | p. 101 |
pH Calibration Procedure | p. 105 |
Diagnostic Test for pH Electrodes | p. 106 |
Measuring Conductivity | p. 107 |
Calibration Procedure with Explanations | p. 109 |
Review Questions | p. 111 |
Bibliography | p. 113 |
Piping & Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs) | p. 117 |
Loop Diagrams | p. 119 |
Instrument Specifications | p. 123 |
Calibration Procedures | p. 145 |
Test Equipment | p. 227 |
RTD and Thermocouple Tables | p. 229 |
Conversion Tables | p. 245 |
Answers to Chapter Review Questions | p. 249 |
Index | p. 271 |
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