| |
| |
| Contributors | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| About the Editors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function and Composition of the Immune System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Immunity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Immunology | |
| |
| |
| Innate Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Interactions between Acquired and Innate Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Innate Immunity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical and Physiologic Barriers | |
| |
| |
| Enzymatic and Protein Effectors | |
| |
| |
| Cellular Effectors of Innate Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Innate Responses to Viral Infection | |
| |
| |
| Inflammation: Orchestrating the Innate Effectors | |
| |
| |
| Cross-Talk between the Innate and Acquired Arms of Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cells of the Immune System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hematopoiesis and Generation of Cells of the Immune System | |
| |
| |
| Identification of Cells via Surface Markers | |
| |
| |
| Morphology and Function of Myeloid Cells | |
| |
| |
| Morphology and Function of Lymphoid Cells | |
| |
| |
| Major Populations and Subpopulations of Lymphocytes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organs and Tissues of the Immune System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generative Lymphoid Organs | |
| |
| |
| The Anatomy of Immune Responses | |
| |
| |
| Peripheral Lymphoid Organs | |
| |
| |
| MALT | |
| |
| |
| Cutaneous Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complement Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Activation of Complement | |
| |
| |
| Functions of Complement | |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Complement Activation | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis of Complement Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Disorders Associated with Defects in Synthesis of Complement Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Structure of Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| The Immunoglobulin Superfamily | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Genetics of Antibody Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Observations and Theories Predating Molecular Genetics of Immunoglobulin Genes | |
| |
| |
| Organization of the Immunoglobulin Genes | |
| |
| |
| The Mechanism of Variable-Region Gene Assembly | |
| |
| |
| Generation of Antibody Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Productive and Nonproductive Rearrangements: Allelic Exclusion | |
| |
| |
| B-Cell Differentiation | |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Immunoglobulin Expression | |
| |
| |
| An AID in the Generation of Immunoglobulin Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antigens, Antigenicity, and Immunogenicity | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Properties of Antigens | |
| |
| |
| Activation of T Cells and B Cells by Antigen | |
| |
| |
| Antigenicity and Immunogenicity | |
| |
| |
| Adjuvants | |
| |
| |
| Important Antigens from Infectious Agents | |
| |
| |
| Superantigens | |
| |
| |
| Mitogens | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antibody-Antigen Interactions and Measurements of Immunologic Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Specificity | |
| |
| |
| Deviations from Absolute Specificity | |
| |
| |
| The Physical Nature of the Antibody-Antigen Interaction | |
| |
| |
| The Law of Mass Action and Its Application to Antigen-Antibody Binding | |
| |
| |
| Types of Assays To Measure Antigen-Antibody Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Use of Antibodies To Differentiate Tissues and Cells | |
| |
| |
| Measurements of Immunity to Infection | |
| |
| |
| Measurements of Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| B-Lymphocyte Activation and Antibody Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction of Antigen and B Lymphocyte: the BCR | |
| |
| |
| Regulation of BCR Signal Transduction | |
| |
| |
| Germinal Centers and B-Cell Maturation | |
| |
| |
| Interaction of B Cells with FDCs | |
| |
| |
| Antibody Production by B Lymphocytes | |
| |
| |
| TI Antibody Response | |
| |
| |
| TD Antibody Response | |
| |
| |
| B-Lymphocyte Interaction with T Lymphocytes | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Cytokines on B-Cell Activation and Antibody Production | |
| |
| |
| Isotype Switching | |
| |
| |
| Apoptosis: the Flip Side of B-Cell Activation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular Immunity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Major Histocompatibility Complex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discovery of the MHC Gene Complex | |
| |
| |
| General Arrangement of the MHC Gene Complex | |
| |
| |
| Basic Nomenclature of MHC Genes and Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Use of Inbred Mouse Strains in Experimental Immunology | |
| |
| |
| Structure of MHC Class I and Class II Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Peptide Binding by MHC Class I and Class II Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Serologic and Sequence-Based Identification of MHC Proteins and Relationship to MHC Polymorphism | |
| |
| |
| MHC Proteins with Ancillary Roles in Antigen Presentation | |
| |
| |
| MHC Class III: MHC Proteins with No Role in Antigen Presentation | |
| |
| |
| Roles of Some Nonclassical MHC Gene Products in Activation of T Cells in Response to Novel Stimuli | |
| |
| |
| MHC-Like Antigen-Presenting Molecules Encoded by Genes Located outside the MHC and Roles in Presentation of Unusual Antigens | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antigen Processing and Presentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| APCs | |
| |
| |
| Antigen-Processing Pathways | |
| |
| |
| Antigen Presentation by MHC Class I | |
| |
| |
| Antigen Presentation by MHC Class II | |
| |
| |
| Presentation of Nonclassical, Nonprotein Antigens to T Cells | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The T-Cell Receptor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Isolation and Characterization of the TCR | |
| |
| |
| Structure of the TCR | |
| |
| |
| Organization of TCR Genes | |
| |
| |
| Generation of Diversity in the TCR | |
| |
| |
| Production of a Functional Receptor | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| T-Cell Maturation and Activation | |
| |
| |
| |
| T-Cell Maturation and Development in the Thymus | |
| |
| |
| Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| T-Cell Activation and Antigen Recognition | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular Communication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction of Cells of the Immune System | |
| |
| |
| Soluble Mediators of Communication: Cytokines and Chemokines | |
| |
| |
| Cytokine Families | |
| |
| |
| Role of Cytokines in Other Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immunologic Effector Systems and Immunity to Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Aspects of Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Initiating Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
| |
| |
| DTH Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity | |
| |
| |
| CTLs | |
| |
| |
| ADCC | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mucosal Immunity | |
| |
| |
| |
| GALT | |
| |
| |
| Airway Immunity: BALT | |
| |
| |
| Urogenital Tract Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Damage to Mucosal Sites by the Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immunity to Bacterial Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bacteria and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Immune System Function and Resistance to Bacterial Infections | |
| |
| |
| The Study of How Bacteria Cause Disease: Bacterial Pathogenesis | |
| |
| |
| Initial Stage of Bacterial Infection: Colonization of Host Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| Tissue Invasion and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial Virulence Factors: How They Thwart Host Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Bioterrorism and Bacterial Pathogens | |
| |
| |
| Antigenic Targets Involved in Protective Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immunity to Viruses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viruses and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Viruses and Acquired Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Structural Properties of the Virus | |
| |
| |
| Replication of the Virus | |
| |
| |
| Evasion of Host Antiviral Immune Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immunity to Parasitic and Fungal Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protozoal Infections | |
| |
| |
| Helminthic Infections | |
| |
| |
| Immune Responses in Parasitic Infections | |
| |
| |
| Immune Effectors in Parasitic Infections | |
| |
| |
| Immune Evasion by Parasites | |
| |
| |
| Immunology of Fungal Infections | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vaccines and Vaccination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early and Defining Issues in Vaccine Development | |
| |
| |
| Basic Concepts in Vaccination | |
| |
| |
| Immune Recognition of Pathogens | |
| |
| |
| Vaccine Components and Vaccination Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Bacterial Vaccines | |
| |
| |
| Viral Vaccines | |
| |
| |
| Vaccines for Fungal Infections | |
| |
| |
| Vaccines for Parasitic Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Passive Immunization | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immune System Dysfunction: Deficiencies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immunology and AIDS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Etiology and Epidemiology of AIDS | |
| |
| |
| The Viral Genome | |
| |
| |
| Pathogenesis | |
| |
| |
| Immune Defects Due to HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| Immune Responses to HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| Evasion of Immune Responses by HIV-1 | |
| |
| |
| Pharmacologic Therapy for HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| Potential Vaccines and Immunotherapies for HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical and Genetic Perspectives in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Defects Leading to Immune Dysfunction | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Manifestations of Immunodeficiency | |
| |
| |
| Respiratory Tract Infection | |
| |
| |
| Skin Manifestations of Immune Deficiency | |
| |
| |
| Oral Manifestations of Immune Deficiency | |
| |
| |
| Viral Illnesses or Vaccine Complications of Unusual Severity | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cancer and the Immune System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cancer Is a Disease of Genes | |
| |
| |
| The Immune Response to Cancer | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Antitumor Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Immune Cell Types Important in Antitumor Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Tumor Surveillance Theory | |
| |
| |
| Tumor Immunotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Immune System Dysfunction: Overactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hypersensitivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Understanding of the Concept of Hypersensitivity | |
| |
| |
| Subtypes of Allergic Responsiveness | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Autoimmunity and Disease | |
| |
| |
| |
| Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease | |
| |
| |
| Targets of Autoimmune Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Animal Models of Autoimmune Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Etiology of Autoimmunity | |
| |
| |
| Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transplantation Immunology | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Role of Major Histocompatibility Antigens versus Minor Histocompatibility Antigens in Transplantation | |
| |
| |
| Tissue Typing | |
| |
| |
| Initiation of a Graft Rejection Response | |
| |
| |
| T-Cell Activation | |
| |
| |
| Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection | |
| |
| |
| Chemokines | |
| |
| |
| Graft-versus-Host Disease | |
| |
| |
| Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| Immunosuppression | |
| |
| |
| Classes of Immunosuppressive Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| CD Antigens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antigen Names with CD Designation Equivalents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cytokines, Chemokines, and Their Receptors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell Types and Immune-Related Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Timeline of Immunology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Course of a Typical Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison of Relative Sizes of Cells, Structures, and Molecules That Are Relevant to Infection and Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Index | |