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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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The Classical Period | |
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Thucydides | |
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History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.40: Pericles' Funeral Oration | |
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History of the Peloponnesian War, 5.84-116: Melian Dialogue | |
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Plato | |
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Apology | |
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Crito | |
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Death Scene from the Phaedo | |
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The Republic | |
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Book 1 | |
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Book 2 | |
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from Book 3 | |
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from Book 4 | |
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from Book 5 from Book 7 | |
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Book 8 from Book 9 | |
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Laws, Book 1 | |
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Aristotle | |
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Nicomachean Ethics | |
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Book 1 [Happiness] | |
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Book 2 [Virtue of Character] | |
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from Book 3 [The Individual Virtues of Character] | |
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Book 5 [Justice] | |
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Book 8 [Friendship] | |
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from Book 10 [Happiness: Further Discussion] | |
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[From Ethics to Politics] | |
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Politics | |
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Book 1 | |
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Book 2 | |
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Book 3 | |
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Book 4 | |
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from Book 5 | |
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from Book 7 | |
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Polybius | |
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The Histories: Fragments of Book 6 | |
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From Preface | |
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On the Forms of States | |
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On the Roman Constitution at its Prime | |
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Marcus Tullius CiceroOn Duties (44 BCE) | |
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Lucius Annaeus SenecaLetter on Slaves | |
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The Medieval Period | |
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St. Augustine | |
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City of God (413-427), from Preface | |
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Al-Farabi | |
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The Political Regime | |
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The Ignorant Cities | |
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The Immoral Cities | |
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The Erring Cities | |
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The Weeds in Virtuous Cities | |
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Moses Maimonides | |
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Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190) | |
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from Part 3, Chapter 27 | |
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from Part 3, Chapter 28 | |
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Part 3, Chapter 34 | |
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St. Thomas Aquinas | |
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Summa Contra Gentiles (1258-1264) | |
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Book 1, Chapter 3 | |
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Book 1, Chapter 4 | |
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Book 1, Chapter 7 | |
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Book 1, Chapter 8 | |
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Book 3, Chapter 64 | |
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Book 3, Chapter 81 | |
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Summa Theologiae (1265-1274) | |
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Question 90. The Essence of Law | |
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Question 94. The Natural Law | |
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Question 95. Human Law | |
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Marsilius of Padua | |
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The Defender of the Peace (1324) | |
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Discourse 1, Chapter 10 | |
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Discourse 1, Chapter 11 | |
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Christine de Pizan | |
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City of the Ladies (c. 1405) | |
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Here Begins the Book of the City of the Ladies, in which the First Chapter Tells Why and for What Purpose This Book Was Written | |
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The Book of the Body Politic (1406-1407) | |
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Here We Begin to Discuss the Third Estate of the People, and First, Clerics Studying the Branches of Knowledge | |
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More on the Same Subject | |
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On the Second Estate of People, That Is, the Burghers and Merchants | |
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On Merchants | |
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The Third Class of the People | |
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On Simple Laborers | |
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The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry (1410) | |
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Concerning the Prime Causes of Wars and Battles | |
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V. Considerations a King or Prince Should Entertain in Initiating War and the Points He Should Keep in Mind While Deliberating the Matter | |
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The Early Modern Period | |
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Niccolo Machiavelli | |
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The Prince | |
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Dedication | |
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Concerning the way to govern cities or principalities which lived under their own laws before they were annexed | |
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Concerning new principalities which are acquired through one's own arms and ability | |
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Concerning new principalities which are acquired either through the arms of others or by good fortune | |
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Concerning those who have obtained a principality through wickedness | |
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Concerning a civil principality | |
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Concerning the way in which the strength of all principalities ought to be measured | |
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Concerning ecclesiastical principalities | |
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Of the different types of troops and mercenaries | |
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Concerning auxiliary, mixed, and citizen soldiers | |
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That which concerns a prince on the subject of the art of war | |
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Concerning things for which men, and especially princes, are praised or blamed | |
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Concerning generosity and miserliness | |
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Concerning cruelty and mercy, and whether it is better to be loved than feared | |
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Concerning the way in which princes should keep their word | |
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That one should avoid being despised and hated | |
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How a prince should act in order to gain esteem | |
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Concerning princes' advisors | |
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How to avoid flatterers | |
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Why the princes of Italy have lost their states | |
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Of fortune's power in human affairs, and how to deal with her | |
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An exhortation to liberate Italy from the barbarians | |
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Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius (1512-1517) | |
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Niccolo Machiavelli to Zanobi Buondelmonte and Cosima Rucellai | |
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from First Book | |
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Introduction | |
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Of the Beginning of Cities in General, and Especially that of the City of Rome | |
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Of the Different Kinds of Republics, and of what Kind the Roman Republic Was | |
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from Second Book | |
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Introduction | |
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What Nations the Romans Had to Contend Against and with What Obstinacy They Defended their | |
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Liberty | |
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Of the Dangers to which Princes and Republic are Exposed that Employ Auxiliary or Mercenary | |
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Troops | |
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Fortune Blinds the Minds of Men When She Does Not Wish Them to Oppose Her Designs | |
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from Third Book | |
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Whoever Desires Constant Success Must Change his Conduct with the Times | |
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Martin Luther | |
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from Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed (1523) | |
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John Calvin | |
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from On Civil Government (1534) | |
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Thomas Hobbes | |
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Leviathan (1651 | |
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The Introduction | |
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Of Man Chapter 10: Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honor, and Worthiness | |
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Of the Difference of Manners | |
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Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery | |
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Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts | |
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Of Other Laws of Nature | |
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Of Persons, Authors, and Things Personated | |
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Of Commonwealth | |
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Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth | |
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Of the Rights of Sovereigns by Institution | |
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Of the Several Kinds of Commonwealth by Institution and of Succession to the Sovereign Power | |
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Of Dominion Paternal and Despotical | |
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Of the Liberty of Subjects | |
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Of Civil Laws | |
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Of Those Things that Weaken or Tend to the Dissolution of a Commonwealth | |
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Of the Office of the Sovereign Representative | |
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John Locke | |
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The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) | |
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Preface | |
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Book 2 [The Second Treatise]A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)Mary AstellSome Reflections upon Marriage (1700), from Preface | |
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Montesquieu | |
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The Spirit of the Laws (1748), from Part 2, Book 11 David Hume | |
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A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740), Part 2: Of Justice and Injustice | |
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An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751) | |
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Some Farther Considerations with Regard to JusticeOf the Original Contract (1748) | |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau | |
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Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men Preface | |
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Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men | |
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Note [On Good and Evil in Human Life] | |
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Note [On Human Variety] | |
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Note [On the Views of John Locke] | |
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Note [On Humans Living in an Intermediate Stage] | |
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On the Social Contract or Principles of Political Right (1762) | |
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Foreword | |
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Book 1 | |
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Book 2 | |
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Book 3 | |
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Book 4 Adam Smith | |
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The Wealth of Nations (1776) | |
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from Book 1. Of the Causes of Improvement in the Productive Powers of Labor, and of the Order According to Which Its Produce is Naturally Distributed Among the Different Ranks of the People | |
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Of the Division of Labor | |
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Of the Principle Which Gives Occasion to the Division of Labor | |
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That the Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market | |
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from Book 4 | |
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Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced At Home | |
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Of the Agricultural Systems Immanuel Kant | |
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Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)from the Preface | |
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First Section: Transition from the Common Rational Moral Cognition to the Philosophical Moral Cognition | |
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from Second Section: Transition from Popular Moral Philosophy to the Metaphysics of Morals | |
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To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795) | |
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"To Perpetual Peace"First Section: Which Contains the Preliminary Articles for Perpetual Peace Among Nations (1795) | |
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Second Section: Which Contains the Definitive Articles for Perpetual Peace Among Nations | |
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Appendix Thomas Jefferson | |
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The Declaration of Independence [as amended and adopted in Congress], July 4, 1776 | |
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Alexander Hamilton and James Madison | |
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The Federalist No. 9The Federalist No. 10The Federalist No. 51The Federalist No. 78Olympe de Gouges | |
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Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791)Mary Wollstonecraft | |
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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792)Advertisement | |
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Introductionfrom Part 1 | |
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from Chapter 1: The Rights and Involved Duties of Mankind Considered | |
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from Chapter 2: The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed | |
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from Chapter 3: The Same Subject Continued | |
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from Chapter 4: Observations on the State of Degradation to Which Woman Is Reduced by Various Causes | |
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from Chapter 5: Animadversions on Some of the Writers Who Have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt | |
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from Chapter 6: The Effect Which an Early Association of Ideas Has Upon the Character | |
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from Chapter 9: Of the Pernicious Effects Which Arise from the Unnatural Distinctions Established in Society | |
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from Chapter 12: On National Education | |
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from Chapter 13: Some Instances of the Folly Which the Ignorance of Women Generates; with Concluding Reflections on the Moral Improvement that a Revolution in Female Manners Might Naturally Be Expected to Produce | |
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Edmund Burkefrom Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) | |
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from On "Geographical Morality"Part IV: The Nineteenth Century | |
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Benjamin Constant | |
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The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns (1816)Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | |
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The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) | |
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A. Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness: Lordship and Bondage | |
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Philosophy of Right (1821)from Prefacefrom Introductionfrom Subdivisions | |
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from Part One: Abstract Rightfrom Part Three: Ethical Life | |
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Jeremy Bentham | |
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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780, published 1789) | |
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Of the Principle of Utility | |
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Value of a Lot of Pleasure or Pain, How to Be Measured | |
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Cases Unmeet for Punishment | |
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Offences against One's Self: Paederasty, Part 1 (1785)Panopticon; or the Inspection-House (1787) | |
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Idea of the Inspection House | |
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Plan for a Penitentiary Inspection-House | |
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Essential Points of the Plan | |
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Advantages of the Plan | |
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John Stuart Mill | |
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On Liberty (1859) | |
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from Chapter 1: Introductory | |
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from Chapter 2: Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion | |
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from Chapter 3: On Individuality, as One of the Elements of Well-being | |
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from Chapter 4: Of the Limits of the Authority of Society Over the Individual | |
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from Chapter 5: Applications | |
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Considerations on Representative Government (1861) | |
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from Chapter 10: Of the Mode of Voting | |
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Of Nationality, as Connected with Representative Government | |
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Utilitarianism (1863) | |
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from Chapter 2: What Utilitarianism Is | |
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from Chapter 3: Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility | |
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from Chapter 5: On the Connection between Justice and Utility | |
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from The Subjection of Women (1869) | |
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Harriet (Hardy) Taylor Mill | |
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The Enfranchisement of Women (1851) | |
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Sojourner Truth | |
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Speech Delivered at the Akron, Ohio Convention on Women's Rights, 1851 | |
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As Reported by the Anti-Slavery Bugle, 21 June 1851 | |
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As Reported by F.D. Gage for the National Anti-Slavery Standard, 2 May 1863 | |
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Alexis de Toqueville | |
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Democracy in America (1835) | |
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On the Use that Americans Make of Public Associations in Civil Life | |
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Of the Relation between Associations and Newspapers | |
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The Relationship between Civil and Political Associations | |
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How Americans Combat Individualism with the Principle of Self-Interest Rightly Understand | |
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Henry David Thoreau | |
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from Civil Disobedience (1849) | |
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels | |
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On Bruno Bauer's On the Jewish Question (1843) | |
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On Bruno Bauer's The Capacity for the Present-day Jews and Christians to Become Free (1843) | |
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Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844) | |
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Estranged Labor | |
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Private Property and Communism | |
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The German Ideology (1845), A. Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular | |
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Theses On Feuerbach (1845)The Communist Manifesto (1848) | |
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Bourgeois and Proletarians | |
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Proletarians and Communists | |
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Socialist and Communist Literature | |
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Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties | |
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Critique of the Gotha Program (1875) | |
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Beyond Good and Evilfrom Part Five: A Natural History of Morals | |
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from Part Nine: What is Noble? On the Genealogy of Morals | |
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from First Essay: Good and Evil, Good and Bad from Second Essay: Guilt, Bad Conscience and Related Matters | |
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Sources / Permission | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Index of Authors and Titles | |