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| Preface | |
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| The Author | |
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| Introduction to Bone Materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Bones | |
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| Bone Types Based on the Macroscopic Approach | |
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| Bone Types Based on Microscopic Observation | |
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| Bone Types Based on Geometric Shape | |
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| Bone Functions | |
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| Bone Cells | |
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| Osteoporosis | |
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| Bone Metabolism | |
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| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | |
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| Vitamin D | |
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| Calcitonin | |
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| Insulin-Like Growth Factor | |
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| Transforming Growth Factor | |
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| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor | |
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| Fibroblast Growth Factor | |
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| Introduction to Bone Remodeling | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Bone Remodeling Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Adaptive Elastic Theory | |
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| Two Kinds of Bone Remodeling | |
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| Surface Bone Remodeling | |
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| Internal Bone Remodeling | |
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| A Simple Theory of Surface Bone Remodeling | |
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| Basic Equations of the Theory | |
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| Bone Remodeling of Diaphysial Surfaces | |
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| Extension to Poroelastic Bone with Fluid | |
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| A Simple Theory of Internal Bone Remodeling | |
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| Internal Remodeling Induced by Casting a Broken Femur | |
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| Extension to Poroelastic Bone with Fluid | |
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| References | |
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| Multifield Internal Bone Remodeling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Linear Theory of Thermoelectroelastic Bone | |
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| Analytical Solution of a Homogeneous Hollow Circular Cylindrical Bone | |
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| Semianalytical Solution for Inhomogeneous Cylindrical Bone Layers | |
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| Internal Surface Pressure Induced by a Medullar Pin | |
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| Numerical Examples | |
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| A Hollow, Homogeneous Circular Cylindrical Bone Subjected to Various External Loads | |
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| A Hollow, Inhomogeneous Circular Cylindrical Bone Subjected to External Loads | |
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| Extension to Thermomagnetoelectroelastic Solid | |
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| References | |
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| Multifield Surface Bone Remodeling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Solution of Surface Modeling for a Homogeneous Hollow Circular Cylindrical Bone | |
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| Rate Equation for Surface Bone Remodeling | |
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| Differential Field Equation for Surface Remodeling | |
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| Approximation for Small Changes in Radii | |
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| Analytical Solution of Surface Remodeling | |
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| Application of Semianalytical Solution to Surface Remodeling of Inhomogeneous Bone | |
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| Surface Remodeling Equation Modified by an Inserting Medullar Pin | |
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| Numerical Examples for Thermopiezoelectric Bones | |
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| Extension to Thermomagnetoelectroelastic Solid | |
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| References | |
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| Theoretical Models of Bone Modeling and Remodeling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hypothetical Mechanism of Bone Remodeling | |
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| Bone Growth Factors | |
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| Electrical Signals in Bone Remodeling | |
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| Bone Mechanostat | |
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| Adaptive Bone Modeling and Remodeling | |
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| A Mechanistic Model for Internal Bone Remodeling | |
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| Relationship between Elastic Modulus and Bone Porosity | |
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| Porosity Changes | |
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| BMU Activation Frequency | |
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| Rate of Fatigue Damage Accretion | |
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| Disuse | |
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| BMU Activation Frequency Response to Disuse and Damage | |
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| A Model for Electromagnetic Bone Remodeling | |
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| A Constitutive Model | |
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| Numerical Examples | |
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| Bone Surface Modeling Model Considering Growth Factors | |
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| Equations Growth and Remodeling | |
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| Bone Remodeling Simulation | |
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| Effect of Axial Pressure on Bone Remodeling Process | |
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| Effect of Transverse Pressure on Bone Remodeling Process | |
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| Effect of an Electrical Field on Bone Remodeling Process | |
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| Effect of Multifield Loadings on Bone Remodeling Process | |
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| Bone Remodeling Induced by a Medullary Pin | |
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| The Solution of Displacements and Contact Force p(t) | |
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| A Constitutive Remodeling Model | |
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| Numerical Assessments | |
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| Effect of Pin Size on Bone Remodeling | |
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| Effect of Pin Stiffness on Bone Remodeling | |
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| Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Bone Remodeling | |
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| References | |
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| Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Bone Metabolism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure of the Model and Assumption | |
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| Bone Remodeling Formulation | |
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| Results and Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Cortical Bone Remodeling under Mechanical Stimulus | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Development of Mathematical Formulation | |
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| RANK-RANKL-OPG Signaling Pathway | |
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| Mechanotransduction in Bone | |
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| Mathematical Model | |
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| Numerical Investigation | |
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| Parametric Study of the Control Mechanism | |
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| References | |
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| Bone Remodeling under Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Clinical Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Model Development | |
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| Effects of PEMF on Bone Remodeling | |
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| Mathematical Model | |
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| Numerical Investigation of the Model | |
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| Parametric Study of Control Mechanism of Bone Remodeling under PEMF | |
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| Effects of PEMF on Patients Undergoing Hip Revision | |
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| Basic Process | |
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| Clinical and Densitometric Evaluation | |
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| PEMF Stimulation | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Removal of Soft Tissue from Bone Samples | |
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| Removal of Soft Tissues | |
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| Preparation of Thin Sections | |
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| Microstructural Analysis and Porosity Measurement | |
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| Standard Microhardness Indentation Testing | |
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| Results for the Samples after Removal of Soft Tissues | |
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| Change of Microstructure with Cleaning Procedure | |
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| Microindentation Testing of Dry Cortical Bone Tissues | |
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| Preparation of Bone Samples | |
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| Standard Microhardness Indentation Testing | |
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| Testing Results | |
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| Stretching-Relaxation Properties of Bone Piezovoltage | |
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| Sample Preparation | |
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| Experimental Setup | |
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| Experimental Procedure and Characteristics of Piezovoltage | |
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| Results and Discussion | |
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| The Fitting Scheme for Stretched Exponential Function | |
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| Influence of Shear Stress on Bone Piezovoltage | |
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| Methods | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Bone Types Based on Pattern of Development and Region | |
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| Index | |