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| Note to the Reader | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Classical Cryptology | |
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| Ancient Roots | |
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| Caveman Crypto | |
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| Greek Cryptography | |
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| Skytale Cipher | |
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| Polybius Cipher | |
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| Viking Cryptography | |
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| Early Steganography | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Monalphabetic Substitution Ciphers, or MASCs: Disguises for Messages | |
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| Caesar Cipher | |
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| Other MASC Systems | |
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| Edgar Allan Poe | |
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| Arthur Conan Doyle | |
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| Frequency Analysis | |
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| Biblical Cryptology | |
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| More Frequencies and Pattern Words | |
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| Vowel Recognition Algorithms | |
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| Sukhotin's Method | |
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| More MASCs | |
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| Cryptanalysis of a MASC | |
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| Unsolved Ciphers by a Killer and a Composer | |
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| Affine Ciphers | |
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| Morse Code and Huffman Coding | |
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| MASC Miscellanea | |
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| Nomenclators | |
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| Cryptanalysis of Nomenclators | |
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| Book Codes | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Simple Progression to an Unbreakable Cipher | |
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| Vigen�re Cipher | |
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| History of the Vigen�re Cipher | |
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| Cryptanalysis of the Vigen�re Cipher | |
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| Kryptos | |
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| Autokeys | |
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| Running Key Cipher and Its Cryptanalysis | |
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| One-Time Pad or Vernam Cipher | |
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| Breaking the Unbreakable | |
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| Faking Randomness | |
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| Unsolved Cipher from 1915 | |
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| OTPs and the SOE | |
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| History Rewritten! | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Transposition Ciphers | |
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| Simple Rearrangements and Columnar Transposition | |
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| Rail-Fence Transposition | |
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| Rectangular Transposition | |
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| More Transposition Paths | |
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| Cryptanalysis of Columnar Transposition | |
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| Historic Uses | |
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| Anagrams | |
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| Double Transposition | |
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| Word Transposition | |
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| Civil War Reenactors | |
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| Transposition Devices | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Shakespeare, Jefferson, and JFK | |
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| Shakespeare vs. Bacon | |
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| Thomas Jefferson: President, Cryptographer | |
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| Cipher Wheel Cryptanalysis | |
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| Playfair Cipher | |
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| Playfair Cryptanalysis | |
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| Computer Cryptanalysis | |
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| Kerckhoffs' Rules | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| World War I and Herbert O. Yardley | |
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| Zimmermann Telegram | |
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| ADFCX: A New Kind of Cipher | |
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| Cryptanalysis of ADFGX | |
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| Herbert O. Yardley | |
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| Peacetime Victory and a Tell-All Book | |
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| The Case of the Seized Manuscript | |
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| Cashing in, Again | |
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| Herbert O. Yardley: Traitor? | |
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| Censorship | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Matrix Encryption | |
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| Levine and Hill | |
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| How Matrix Encryption Works | |
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| Levine's Attacks | |
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| Bauer and Millward's Attack | |
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| More Stories Left to Tell | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| World War II: The Enigma of Germany | |
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| Rise of the Machines | |
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| How Enigma Works | |
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| Calculating the Keyspace | |
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| Cryptanalysis Part 1. Recovering the Rotor Wirings | |
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| Cryptanalysis Part 2. Recovering the Daily Keys | |
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| After the Break | |
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| Alan Turing and Bletchley Park | |
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| Lorenz Cipher and Colossus | |
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| What if Enigma Had Never Been Broken? | |
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| Endings and New Beginnings | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Cryptologic War against Japan | |
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| Forewarning of Pearl Harbor | |
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| Friedman's Team Assembles | |
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| Cryptanalysis of Red, a Japanese Diplomatic Cipher | |
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| Orange | |
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| Purple: How It Works | |
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| Purple Cryptanalysis | |
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| Practical Magic | |
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| Code Talkers | |
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| Code Talkers in Hollywood | |
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| Use of Languages as Oral Codes | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Modern Cryptology | |
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| Claude Shannon | |
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| Entropy | |
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| One More Time | |
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| Unicity Points | |
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| Dazed and Confused | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| National Security Agency | |
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| Origins of NSA | |
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| TEMPEST | |
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| Size and Budget | |
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| The Liberty and the Pueblo | |
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| Church Committee Investigations | |
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| Post Cold War Downsizing | |
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| Some Speculation | |
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| 2000 and Beyond | |
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| Interviewing with NSA | |
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| BRUSA, UKUSA, and Echelon | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Data Encryption Standard | |
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| How DES Works | |
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| Reactions to and Cryptanalysis of DES | |
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| Objection 1: Key Size Matters | |
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| Objection 2: S-Box Secrecy | |
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| S-Boxes Revealed! | |
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| EFF vs. DES | |
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| Second Chance | |
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| Interesting Feature | |
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| Cryptologic Humor | |
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| Modes of Encryption | |
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| Levine's Methods | |
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| Modern Modes | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Birth of Public Key Cryptography | |
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| Revolutionary Cryptologist | |
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| Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange | |
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| RSA: Solution from MIT | |
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| Fermat's Little Theorem (1640) | |
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| Euclidean Algorithm | |
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| Government Control of Cryptologic Research | |
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| RSA Patented, Alice and Bob Born Free | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Attacking RSA | |
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| Eleven Non-Factoring Attacks | |
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| Attack 1. Common Modulus Attack | |
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| Attack 2. Man-in-the-Middle | |
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| Attack 3. Low Decryption Exponent | |
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| Attack 4. Partial Knowledge of p or q | |
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| Attack 5. Partial Knowledge of d | |
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| Attack 6. Low Encryption Exponent Attack | |
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| Attack 7. Common Enciphering Exponent Attack | |
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| Attack 8. Searching the Message Space | |
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| Attack 9. Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Attacks | |
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| Attack 10. Timing Attack | |
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| Attack 11. Ron Was Wrong, Whit Is Right Attack | |
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| Factoring Challenge | |
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| Old Problem | |
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| Trial Division and the Sieve of Eratosthenes (ca. 284-204 BCE) | |
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| Fermat's Factorization Method | |
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| Euler's Factorization Method | |
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| Pollard's p-1 Algorithm | |
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| Dixon's Algorithm | |
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| Quadratic Sieve | |
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| Pollard's Number Field Sieve | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Cryptological Humor | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Primality Testing and Complexity Theory | |
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| Some Facts about Primes | |
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| Fermat Test | |
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| Miller-Rabin Test | |
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| Generating Primes | |
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| Deterministic Tests for Primality | |
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| AKS Primality Test (2002) | |
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| GIMPS | |
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| Complexity Classes, P vs. NP, Probabilistic vs. Deterministic | |
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| Cryptologic Humor | |
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| Ralph Merkle's Public Key Systems | |
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| Knapsack Encryption | |
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| Elgamal Encryption | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Authenticity | |
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| Problem from World War II | |
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| Digital Signatures (and Some Attacks) | |
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| Attack 12. Chosen Ciphertext Attack | |
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| Attack 13. Insider's Factoring Attack on the Common Modulus | |
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| Attack 14. Insider's Nonfactoring Attack | |
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| Elgamal Signatures | |
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| Hash Functions: Speeding Things Up | |
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| Rivest's MD5 and NIST's SHA-1 | |
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| Digital Signature Algorithm | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Pretty Good Privacy | |
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| Best of Both Worlds | |
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| Birth of PGP | |
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| In Zimmermann's Own Words | |
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| Impact of PGP | |
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| Implementation Issues | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Stream Ciphers | |
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| Congruential Generators | |
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| Linear Feedback Shift Registers | |
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| LFSR Attack | |
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| Cellphone Stream Cipher A5/1 | |
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| RC4 | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Suite B All-Stars | |
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| Elliptic Curve Cryptography | |
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| Elgamal, ECC Style | |
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| Personalities behind ECC | |
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| Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) | |
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| SubBytes | |
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| ShiftRows | |
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| MixColumns | |
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| AddRoundKey | |
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| Putting It All Together: How AES-128 Works | |
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| AES Attacks | |
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| Security Guru Bruce Schneier | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Possible Futures | |
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| Quantum Cryptography: How It Works | |
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| Quantum Cryptography: Historical Background | |
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| DNA Computing | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Index | |